It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earths outer and inner core. Thechemical symbolfor Argon isAr. The metal has been prepared by electrolysis of the fused halides and by reduction of its oxide by lanthanum metal followed by distillation of the europium metal. The name xenon for this gas comes from the Greek word [xenon], neuter singular form of [xenos], meaning foreign(er), strange(r), or guest. Lawrenciumis a chemical element withatomic number103which means there are 103 protons and 103 electrons in the atomic structure. Europium is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. However, their toxicity is not yet thoroughly researched and analyzed. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound that consists of a multitude of strong ionic bonds. In nuclear industry gadolinium is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorbtion cross-section of two isotopes 155Gd and 157Gd. Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in many zirconium minerals. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. A possible crystal structure of Europium is body-centered cubic structure. These elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements. Physical properties - Europium has the characteristic soft texture and shiny silver appearance of metals. Krypton is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. Aluminumis a chemical element withatomic number13which means there are 13 protons and 13 electrons in the atomic structure. Chlorine chemical properties cover some relevant chemical facts about the periodic element Chlorine. Osmiumis a chemical element withatomic number76which means there are 76 protons and 76 electrons in the atomic structure. Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure. Europium phosphors are used in television tubes to give a bright red colour and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors. The symbol of Europium is Eu. Gadolinium belongs to a rare earth elements (it is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table). Main purpose of this project is to help the public learn some interesting and important information about chemical elements, ionizing radiation, thermal engineering, reactor physics and nuclear energy. is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, with an atomic mass of 85.4678. The identification number of Europium in ChemSpider database is 22417. Neptuniumis a chemical element withatomic number93which means there are 93 protons and 93 electrons in the atomic structure. Thuliumis a chemical element withatomic number69which means there are 69 protons and 69 electrons in the atomic structure. At 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant pnictogen in the Earths crust. Europium symbol The symbol of Europium is Eu. The symbol in the periodic table of elements: Eu, Half-life: From 1.1(5) ms [0.9(+53) ms] to 13.516 years, Electronegativity according to Pauling: 1.2, Isotopes: 9 (2 naturally occurring isotopes), The energy of the first ionization: 587.6 kJ.mol-1, The energy of the second ionization: 1149 kJ.mol-1, Discovery date: In 1901 by the French chemist Eugne-Anatole Demaray. Documents, Reports and Photographs for Dow Chemical (Formerly: Rohm and Haas Chemicals LLC) in Bristol, Pennsylvania Some of Rohm and Haas Chemical's key Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) corrective action documents, reports and photographs are accessible online: . Although affinity varies greatly across the periodic table, some patterns emerge. This dependence is usually expressed by the coefficient of linear or volume expansion. Gadolinium CLOSED NOW. Europium has a strong tendency to absorb neutrons, making it useful in nuclear power production. Europium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 5.243 Melting Point (K): 1095 Boiling Point (K): 1870 Appearance: soft, silvery-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 199 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 28.9 Covalent Radius (pm): 185 Ionic Radius: 95 (+3e) 109 (+2e) Specific Heat (@20C J/g mol): 0.176 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 176 Pauling Negativity Number: 0.0 Europa was a Phoenician princess from Greek mythology, symbolizing the beauty of the moon. The europium concentration found in Earths crust is almost the same as the concentration of. The electron affinities will become less negative as you go from the top to the bottom of the periodic table. Europium sulfide | EuS | CID 82809 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as the radiation source in portable X-ray devices. Namely, this substance continued to generate new chemical elements, thus enriching the family of rare-earth elements in the periodic system. The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. The most probable fission fragment masses are around mass 95 (Krypton) and 137 (Barium). The melting point is the temperature at which the disruptive vibrations of the particles of the solid overcome the attractive forces operating within the solid. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8. Thechemical symbolfor Antimony isSb. Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Thechemical symbolfor Holmium isHo. Molybdenum a silvery metal with a gray cast, has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. Thechemical symbolfor Iron isFe. Moreover, the discovery of the europium-doped yttrium orthovanadate red phosphor made a real technological revolution in the color television industry; In addition to the aforementioned application of europium, it is also used as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors; As a highly efficient neutron absorber, europium is used as one of the main chemicals in the control rods of the nuclear reactors; Geochemistry and petrology use europium for the dating processes related to the formation of igneous rocks; Plastic enriched with europium is applied in the manufacturing of laser components; Europium is applied in scientific research such as bio-imaging. Kryptonis a chemical element withatomic number36which means there are 36 protons and 36 electrons in the atomic structure. Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element on the Earths crust. Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive; for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. Most often, europium occurs in the oxidation states +3 and +2 and forms hydrides, oxides, fluorides, bromides, iodides, sulphides, selenides, tellurides, as well as nitrides. Iridiumis a chemical element withatomic number77which means there are 77 protons and 77 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Americium isAm. Thechemical symbolfor Caesium isCs. An element that is not combined with any other different elements has an oxidation state of 0. Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars. An atom of an element in a compound will have a positive oxidation state if it has had electrons removed. In nuclear industry, especially natural and artificial samarium 149 has an important impact on the operation of a nuclear reactor. Thechemical symbolfor Californium isCf. Thechemical symbolfor Samarium isSm. See also: Atomic Number Does it conserve in a nuclear reaction? Indium is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earths crust. Its one of the least abundant rare-earth elements that can be traced in Earths crust. Thechemical symbolfor Berkelium isBk. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. Melting point 850 c. Iodine is the least abundant of the stable halogens, being the sixty-first most abundant element. Europium is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. It rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earths crust. The atomic weight of Europium is 151.964 u and here atomic weight is a related term for atomic mass in chemistry. It can be prepared from these minerals. Thechemical symbolfor Plutonium isPu. Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion resistant and chemically inert transition metal. E. Discoverer: De Marignac, Charles Galissard, Discoverer: De Marignac, Jean Charles Galissard, Discoverer: Ghring, Otto and Fajans, Kasimir. Nitrogenis a chemical element withatomic number7which means there are 7 protons and 7 electrons in the atomic structure. Seleniumis a chemical element withatomic number34which means there are 34 protons and 34 electrons in the atomic structure. Goldis a chemical element withatomic number79which means there are 79 protons and 79 electrons in the atomic structure. In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atomslikelihood of gaining an electron. The properties hold different factors for making unique verification of the element. On the other hand, the half-life of the europium-130 radioisotope is 0.9 millisecond which makes it the shortest living isotope of this chemical, while the europium-150 radioisotope is the longest living radioactive form of this lanthanide, with a half-life of 36.9 years. Only about 5108% of all matter in the universe is europium. Europium is a neutron adsorber, , so it is used in nuclear reactors control rods. Eu + e Eu H = Affinity = 50 kJ/mol. Electron affinity of Europium is 50 kJ/mol. It is never found in nature as the free element, but there are many elements containing eruropium. Thechemical symbolfor Boron isB. is responsible for the red pixels in television sets and the intensive brightness of fluorescent lamps. Thechemical symbolfor Fluorine isF. Fluorine is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although small amounts are used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. Thechemical symbolfor Ruthenium isRu. What is Flerovium - Chemical Properties of Flerovium - Symbol Fl, What is Roentgenium - Chemical Properties of Roentgenium - Symbol Rg, What is Livermorium - Chemical Properties of Livermorium - Symbol Lv, What is Tantalum - Chemical Properties of Tantalum - Symbol Ta, What is Bohrium - Chemical Properties of Bohrium - Symbol Bh, What is Seaborgium - Chemical Properties of Seaborgium - Symbol Sg, What is Holmium - Chemical Properties of Holmium - Symbol Ho, What is Enthalpy of Chemical Reaction - Definition, What is Chemical Property of Atoms - Definition, What is Samarium - Chemical Properties of Samarium - Symbol Sm, What is Samarium Chemical Properties of Samarium Symbol Sm, What is Gadolinium Chemical Properties of Gadolinium Symbol Gd. Though hydrogen bonds are the strongest of the intermolecular forces, the strength of hydrogen bonds is much less than that of ionic bonds. Commercially, thallium is produced as a byproduct from refining of heavy metal sulfide ores. Polonium is a rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth. On the other hand, water boils at 350C (662F) at 16.5 MPa (typical pressure of PWRs). Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. The most commonly used spontaneous fission neutron source is the radioactive isotope californium-252. The English scientist Sir William Crookes (1832 1919) researched electric phosphorescence by conducting a spectroscopic analysis of a mineral sample that contained the elements, Namely, by isolating the rare-earth europium metal as the. However, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine do not follow this trend. In general, an atoms electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The chemical symbol for Helium is He. Europium | Eu (Element) - PubChem Apologies, we are having some trouble retrieving data from our servers. At the boiling point the two phases of a substance, liquid and vapor, have identical free energies and therefore are equally likely to exist. It means the elements has 63 electrons and 63 protons to balance negative and positive charges respectively inside a Europium atom. Thechemical symbolfor Calcium isCa. Ceriumis a chemical element withatomic number58which means there are 58 protons and 58 electrons in the atomic structure. For powerful street lighting a little europium is added to mercury vapour lamps to give a more natural light. Required fields are marked *. Biological role Europium has no known biological role. Actinium is a soft, silvery-white radioactive metal. All of the alkali metals have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge a cation, which combines with anions to form salts. Arsenic is a metalloid. Actinium gave the name to the actinide series, a group of 15 similar elements between actinium and lawrencium in the periodic table. It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of world production of the element (about 80%) is used in steel alloys, including high-strength alloys and superalloys. Hi..I am Sarnali Mukherjee, a graduate from the University of Calcutta. What are the element properties of europium? Thechemical symbolfor Lanthanum isLa. The number of electrons in each elements electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at standard pressure. ), and shape. Sodium chloride melts at 801C. The atomconsist of a small but massivenucleussurrounded by a cloud of rapidly movingelectrons. Rheniumis a chemical element withatomic number75which means there are 75 protons and 75 electrons in the atomic structure. Electronic configuration of Europium atom is [Xe] 4f7 6s2 that is arranged by Aufbau principle. Americium is a transuranic member of the actinide series, in the periodic table located under the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after the Americas. Gold is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. (1969), Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1967)/Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1970), Discoverer: Armbruster, Paula and Muenzenberg, Dr. Gottfried, Element Category: unknown, probably a transition metal, Discoverer: David Anderson, Ruhani Rabin, Team Updraft, Element Category: unknown, probably a post-transition metal, Discoverer: Hisinger, Wilhelm and Berzelius, Jns Jacob/Klaproth, Martin Heinrich. Palladiumis a chemical element withatomic number46which means there are 46 protons and 46 electrons in the atomic structure. Dysprosiumis a chemical element withatomic number66which means there are 66 protons and 66 electrons in the atomic structure. Magnesiumis a chemical element withatomic number12which means there are 12 protons and 12 electrons in the atomic structure. Europium is a typical base metal and reacts with most non-metals. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. The Austrian chemist and engineer Karl Auer is the scientist whose name is behind the invention of the gas mantle, the ferrocerium flints that are used in the modern lighters, as well as the metal-filament light bulb. Website. There are general properties that helped Mendeleev to choose a certain number elements in a specific area of the periodic table. The pure silvery-white metal is also produced by the electrolysis of the molten chloride with sodium chloride. Europium's properties such as its atomic number, melting and boiling points, electronegativity and others are key factors that would be discussed throughout this article. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). Thechemical symbolfor Silicon isSi. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and is stored in mineral oil. The phosphorescent properties of europium as its most distinguished chemical effects makes this lanthanide suitable for the following applications: This rare-earth element plays no significant biological role and is considered to be the least toxic among the other heavy metal elements of the periodic table. Find information on Europium including chemical element properties like atomic weight and a list of compounds that contain Europium. Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease in some people called berylliosis. Thechemical symbolfor Lithium isLi. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. As with boiling points, the melting point of a solid is dependent on the strength of those attractive forces. Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon. Paramagnetic elements are those who have unpaired electrons in the elements. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. The Standard English unit ispounds mass per cubic foot(lbm/ft3). Densityis defined as themass per unit volume. Chromium is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle metal4 which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. Thechemical symbolfor Platinum isPt. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies. Let's connect through LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/sarnali-mukherjee-921b59231, Chlorine Chemical Properties (25 Facts You Should Know). By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earths crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. Mendelevium is a metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, it is the first element that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities. Sulfuris a chemical element withatomic number16which means there are 16 protons and 16 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Zinc isZn. Thechemical symbolfor Polonium isPo. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This effect is caused by a decrease in the atomic number density. It is the most reactive of the lanthanides and reacts quickly with oxygen. Moreover, nonmetals have more positive affinity than metals. Thechemical symbolfor Astatine isAt. Francium is an alkali metal, that has one valence electron. The electronegativity of Europium is: = . Thechemical symbolfor Rubidium isRb. Europium has been found as the most reactive but softest Lanthanide element. Carbonis a chemical element withatomic number6which means there are 6 protons and 6 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Tantalum isTa. Rubidiumis a chemical element withatomic number37which means there are 37 protons and 37 electrons in the atomic structure. Below the melting point, the solid is the more stable state of the two, whereas above the liquid form is preferred. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Discoverer: Ramsey, Sir William and Cleve, Per Teodor. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Mercuryis a chemical element withatomic number80which means there are 80 protons and 80 electrons in the atomic structure. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section. Nowadays, europium is chiefly obtained through an ion exchange process from material rich in rare-earth elements, labeled as monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y) PO4). Cadmiumis a chemical element withatomic number48which means there are 48 protons and 48 electrons in the atomic structure. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. Titanium can be used in surface condensers. The name samarium is after the mineral samarskite from which it was isolated. Oxygenis a chemical element withatomic number8which means there are 8 protons and 8 electrons in the atomic structure. Indiumis a chemical element withatomic number49which means there are 49 protons and 49 electrons in the atomic structure. Uzair Alvi October 18, 2022. Latin name: Europium: English name: Europium: chemical symbol: Eu: atomic number: 63: relative atomic mass: 151,965: period: 6: group: III.B: classification . 360 George Patterson Dr Ste 108. It is a lanthanide, a rare earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby in Sweden. Thechemical symbolfor Manganese isMn. At the melting point the two phases of a substance, liquid and vapor, have identical free energies and therefore are equally likely to exist. This distance between two mutually bonded Europium atom is noticed to differ in the range of 192 to 204 pm. Properties of europium Europium, a member of the lanthanides group of elements, ignites at air temperatures of 302 to 356 F (150 to 180 C), which is the case of all other rare earth metals. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 g/cm3. Thechemical symbolfor Lutetium isLu. Thechemical symbolfor Magnesium isMg. Magnesium is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure. and the term oxidation number is nearly synonymous. Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Knowledge of the electron configuration of different atoms is useful in understanding the structure of the periodic table of elements. The chemical symbol for Europium is Eu. Thechemical symbolfor Europium isEu. Search commercial real estate listings in Bristol, including retail, office & multifamily properties. Being a member of the lanthanides family of periodic table elements, europium is a divalent chemical element that makes it one of the most volatile members of the lanthanide series. Atoms whose anions are more stable than neutral atoms have a greater affinity. Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1964)/Albert Ghiorso et. Europium is a soft silvery metal, both are and expensive. Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name, kohl. For example, water boils at 100C (212F) at sea level, but at 93.4C (200.1F) at 1900 metres (6,233 ft) altitude. Its extreme rarity in the Earths crust, comparable to that of platinum. The bulk properties of astatine are not known with any certainty. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. Scandium is a silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare-earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanides. This variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases. The electron configuration can be visualized as the core electrons, equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, and the valence electrons (e.g. Europium is not found freely in nature. Thechemical symbolfor Thallium isTl. Hafniums large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors. Thechemical symbolfor Bismuth isBi. All of its isotopes are radioactive. , europium is a soft and ductile metal that reaches its boiling point at 1529C (2784F, 1802 K), while the melting point is achieved at 822C (1512F, 1095 K). Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in the Earths atmosphere in trace amounts. Located between barium and hafnium in the periodic system of elements, with the symbol Eu, atomic number 63, atomic mass of 151.964 g.mol-1, and electron configuration [Xe] 4f76s2, europium is a soft and ductile metal that reaches its boiling point at 1529C (2784F, 1802 K), while the melting point is achieved at 822C (1512F, 1095 K). Radonis a chemical element withatomic number86which means there are 86 protons and 86 electrons in the atomic structure. Europium has a melting point of 826 C (1099 K, 1519 F). Elastic Modulus: Bulk: 8.3/GPa Rigidity: 7.9/GPa Youngs: 18/GPa However, it was the French chemist Eugene-Anatole Demaray (1852 1903) who succeeded in producing a europium salt. Europium is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. Molybdenumis a chemical element withatomic number42which means there are 42 protons and 42 electrons in the atomic structure. Europium is one of the least abundant elements in the universe. Chromiumis a chemical element withatomic number24which means there are 24 protons and 24 electrons in the atomic structure. It is even less abundant than the so-called rare earths. Thechemical symbolfor Lawrencium isLr. . Affinities of Non metals vs. Affinities of Metals. Like other rare earth metals, it also burns in . Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. It is steel gray and has a melting point of 826C (1,520F) and a boiling point of about 1,489C (2,712F). Helium is a chemical element with atomic number 2 which means there are 2 protons and 2 electrons in the atomic structure. Europium oxide | Eu2O3 | CID 159371 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety . Manganeseis a chemical element withatomic number25which means there are 25 protons and 25 electrons in the atomic structure. We and our partners share information on your use of this website to help improve your experience. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal. The europium oxide (Eu. ) National Institutes of Health. Technetium is the lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive; none are stable. Thechemical symbolfor Gallium isGa. Gallium has similarities to the other metals of the group, aluminium, indium, and thallium. Natural abundance In common with other lanthanides, europium is mainly found in the minerals monazite and bastnaesite. Thechemical symbolfor Oxygen isO. Such weak intermolecular bonds give organic molecular substances, such as waxes and oils, their soft bulk character, and their low melting points (in liquids, molecules must cease most structured or oriented contact with each other). The motion of individual atoms, ions, or molecules in a solid is restricted to vibrational motion about a fixed point. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Allotropic forms are the different atoms of one specific element with different structural format. Galliumis a chemical element withatomic number31which means there are 31 protons and 31 electrons in the atomic structure. A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. Europium salts could be mildly toxic by ingesiton, but its toxicity has not been fully investigated. In fact their absorption cross-sections are the highest among all stable isotopes. Europium chloride crystals are prepared by the interaction of europium oxide and hydrochloric acid, and then heated to 180~200 C. Titanium is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. To use electron affinities properly, it is essential to keep track of sign. Lanthanumis a chemical element withatomic number57which means there are 57 protons and 57 electrons in the atomic structure. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earths crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. We elaborate the uses of Europium and atomic properties with characteristics. The process includes mixing Eu2O3 with a 10%-excess of lanthanum metal and exposing the mixture to heat in a tantalum crucible under high vacuum. Europium has 34 radioactive isotopes and two naturally occurring isotopes: europium-151 (47.81 percent) and europium-153 (52.19 percent). It easily tarnishes when it comes into contact with air at room temperature, and reacts readily with H2O molecules. This member of the lanthanides family of elements has an electronegativity of 1.2 according to Pauling and is the most reactive lanthanide. Berylliumis a chemical element withatomic number4which means there are 4 protons and 4 electrons in the atomic structure. Chlorineis a chemical element withatomic number17which means there are 17 protons and 17 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Chromium isCr. This affinity is known as the second electron affinity and these energies are positive. Lawrencium is the final member of the actinide series. It also has a high melting point of 1512F (822C) and high boiling point of 2784F. The density is 5.24 grams per cubic centimeter. Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Praseodymiumis a chemical element withatomic number59which means there are 59 protons and 59 electrons in the atomic structure. The standard SI unit iskilograms per cubic meter(kg/m3). Europium is a neutron adsorber, , so it is used in nuclear reactors control rods. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. Thechemical symbolfor Germanium isGe. The Europium melting point is 1512F, 822C, or 1095 K. Compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change. This affinity is known as the first electron affinity and these energies are negative. Thechemical symbolfor Xenon isXe. As a result of this expansion, the density of most materials decreases. 2019 periodic-table.org / see alsowww.nuclear-power.net. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. It comes from the Greek word (Europe), carrying the notion of broad, wide face. For example, silicon has nine possible integer oxidation states from 4 to +4, but only -4, 0 and +4 are common oxidation states. Praseodymium is the third member of the lanthanide series and is traditionally considered to be one of the rare-earth metals. Despite the fact that the europium dust may impose a fire and explosion hazard, this element doesnt pose an environmental threat to either plants or animals. Barium is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Thechemical symbolfor Vanadium isV. Vanadium is a hard, silvery grey, ductile, and malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer (passivation) stabilizes the free metal somewhat against further oxidation. Europium is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Thechemical symbolfor Gadolinium isGd. Berkelium is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. Niobiumis a chemical element withatomic number41which means there are 41 protons and 41 electrons in the atomic structure. Lithiumis a chemical element withatomic number3which means there are 3 protons and 3 electrons in the atomic structure. Franciumis a chemical element withatomic number87which means there are 87 protons and 87 electrons in the atomic structure. An atom of Europium in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of Europium. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. Thechemical symbolfor Zirconium isZr. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically, and only minute amounts are found in the Earths crust. It is the electrons that are responsible for the chemical bavavior of atoms, and which identify the various chemical elements. Thorium is moderately hard, malleable, and has a high melting point. The metal dust presents a fire and explosion hazard. Thechemical symbolfor Silver isAg. These have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3. Europium is found as the rare-earth element, which is found the most reactive in lanthanide series. His measurements brought up new spectral lines in the spectra absorbed by the substance. Phosphorusis a chemical element withatomic number15which means there are 15 protons and 15 electrons in the atomic structure. Similarly, thep blockare the right-most six columns of the periodic table, thed blockis the middle 10 columns of the periodic table, while thef blockis the 14-column section that is normally depicted as detached from the main body of the periodic table. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant. Although classified as a rare earth element, samarium is the 40th most abundant element in the Earths crust and is more common than such metals as tin. In the periodic system of elements, europium is placed among barium, hafnium, scandium, and. The story of the discovery of europium begins in the late 1880s. link to Chlorine Chemical Properties (25 Facts You Should Know), link to Fluorine Chemical Properties (25 Facts You Should Know). In nuclear industry boron is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to the high neutron cross-section of isotope 10B. Actiniumis a chemical element withatomic number89which means there are 89 protons and 89 electrons in the atomic structure. However, more energy is required to add an electron to a negative ion which overwhelms any the release of energy from the electron attachment process. By the means of spectroscopy, europium was identified as a trace element in the Sun and the stars. Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility in data storage applications. Only the last shell of Europium is noticed with 2 electrons. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary ice) or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass), and are typically low in energy. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3. Bromine is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured gas. Both the boiling points of rhenium and tungsten exceed 5000 K at standard pressure. Only about 5108% of all matter in the universe is europium. It is the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities. Thulium is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series. Zirconium is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. In the periodic table of elements, the element with the lowest boiling point is helium. Still, the pure metal form of europium was not isolated until recent years. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium. Thechemical symbolfor Neodymium isNd. The atomic radius of an atom of europium is 198 pm (covalent radius). Tinis a chemical element withatomic number50which means there are 50 protons and 50 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Europium is Eu. Thechemical symbolfor Protactinium isPa. Protactinium is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. By convention, the negative sign shows a release of energy. Calcium is an alkaline earth metal, it is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Vanadiumis a chemical element withatomic number23which means there are 23 protons and 23 electrons in the atomic structure. Iridium is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium). Electron affinity can be either positive or negative value. Thechemical properties of the atomare determined by the number of protons, in fact, by number and arrangement of electrons. Thechemical symbolfor Palladium isPd. Europium is one of the least abundant elements in the universe. The specific gravity was 4.89. This equilibrium also known as samarium 149 reservoir, since all of this promethium must undergo a decay to samarium. As a solid is heated, its particles vibrate more rapidly as the solid absorbs kinetic energy. Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. The pure silvery-white metal is also produced by the electrolysis of the molten chloride with. Thechemical symbolfor Thulium isTm. This fact has key implications for the building up of the periodic table of elements. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z. Chemical Properties of Europium What is Europium? Thechemical symbolfor Erbium isEr. and Gay-Lussac, L.-J. Nobeliumis a chemical element withatomic number102which means there are 102 protons and 102 electrons in the atomic structure. Most materials expand when their temperatures increase. Van der Waals radius of a Europium atom is 240 pm. Nobelium is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series. Phosphorescent powder and paints of the newer generations are produced by using the salts of europium, as well as the following rare-earth elements: europium (Eu), lanthanum (La), Europium phosphors are applied in the manufacturing of television tubes due to their ability to produce a bright red color. This element is found to be rarely unique being one of the rarest earth metal. Yellow needle-like crystals. Physical and Chemical Properties: Europium trichloride, chemical formula EuCl3. Thechemical symbolfor Sulfur isS. Sulfur is abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic. Chemical properties. Thechemical symbolfor Terbium isTb. Erbium is a silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements. PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 403 Forbidden National Center for Biotechnology Information 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA Contact Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series. Thechemical symbolfor Barium isBa. Fluorineis a chemical element withatomic number9which means there are 9 protons and 9 electrons in the atomic structure. It is thePauli exclusion principlethat requires the electrons in an atom to occupy different energy levels instead of them all condensing in the ground state. Titaniumis a chemical element withatomic number22which means there are 22 protons and 22 electrons in the atomic structure. Oxygen is a colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, often found in the minerals pyrochlore (the main commercial source for niobium) and columbite. It reacts very quickly with water and gives off. The three most common basic crystal patterns are: This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. Promethiumis a chemical element withatomic number61which means there are 61 protons and 61 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Actinium isAc. Chemicals. Copyright 2022, LambdaGeeks.com | All rights Reserved. Neodymium is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Tellurium is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Bariumis a chemical element withatomic number56which means there are 56 protons and 56 electrons in the atomic structure. Reserves of europium are estimated to be around 150.000 tonnes and world production of the pure metal is around 100 tonnes a year. Electronic shell refers to the space inside an atom around the nucleus of periodic elements where electrons are arranged. Its properties are thus intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Fluorine chemical properties disclose We are group of industry professionals from various educational domain expertise ie Science, Engineering, English literature building one stop knowledge based educational solution. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide. I love to teach and share knowledge on chemistry. When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from vapor to liquid, it is referred to as the condensation point. The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. Thechemical symbolfor Praseodymium isPr. Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons, while neon most weakly attracts an extra electron. Let us continue describing the chemical properties of Chlorine below. Electrons with low ionization energies have low electronegativities because their nuclei do not exert a strong attractive force on electrons. Solids are similar to liquids in that both are condensed states, with particles that are far closer together than those of a gas. 19. Thechemical symbolfor Curium isCm. Thulium is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster. Einsteiniumis a chemical element withatomic number99which means there are 99 protons and 99 electrons in the atomic structure. Iron is a metal in the first transition series. Europiums properties such as its atomic number, melting and boiling points, electronegativity and others are key factors that would be discussed throughout this article. Thechemical symbolfor Mendelevium isMd. Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. To begin with, the Swedish chemist Carl Mosander managed to separate lanthanum and didymium ore (a praseodymium and neodymium compound) in 1839. In a neutral atom there are as many electrons as protons moving about nucleus. The chemical properties of this silvery gray, crystalline transition metal are intermediate between rhenium and manganese. Discoverer: McMillan, Edwin M. and Abelson, Philip H. Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edward M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wohl, Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Torbrn Sikkeland, John R. Walton, Discoverer: Albert Ghiorso, Torbjrn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh, Robert M. Latimer, Copyright 2022 Periodic Table | All Rights Reserved |. Let us find if Europium has any allotropic forms or not below. I have gradually gained interest in article writing since one year ago. Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. Europium is a paramagnetic element as it has an unpaired electron in f orbital and it shows an unusual magnetic behaviour also. from the samarium-gadolinium concentrates, de Boisbaudran presented the next chemical element named europium to the world of science. Discoverer: Corson, Dale R. and Mackenzie, K. R. The actinide or actinoid series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. Europium cannot be put in any specific group in the periodic table as this comes under lanthanide elements and it is the most reactive element in the nature. The boiling point of Europium has been obtained as 1529 C (1802 K, 2784 F). Thechemical symbolfor Indium isIn. The nucleus is composed ofprotons andneutrons. Europium is one of the less abundant rare-earth elements: it is almost as abundant as tin. Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the rare earths. Let us define the chemical properties of Europium below:if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'lambdageeks_com-box-3','ezslot_3',856,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-lambdageeks_com-box-3-0'); Europium properties can be defined as some evidences for establishing chemical identity of Europium element. It is used as control rods in nuclear reactors due to its effectiveness in absorbing neutrons. It is the heaviest essential mineral nutrient. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (195.8C) and is used as a coolant. al. Europium is one of the rarest of the rare-earth elements on Earth. Technetiumis a chemical element withatomic number43which means there are 43 protons and 43 electrons in the atomic structure. 0 2 minutes read. Let us identify the electronic shell of Europium here. Sincenucleons(protonsandneutrons) make up most of the mass of ordinary atoms, the density of normal matter tends to be limited by how closely we can pack these nucleons and depends on the internal atomic structure of a substance. Thechemical symbolfor Mercury isHg. The pressure at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given temperature is called the saturation pressure. Arsenicis a chemical element withatomic number33which means there are 33 protons and 33 electrons in the atomic structure. Scandiumis a chemical element withatomic number21which means there are 21 protons and 21 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Osmium isOs. This element is noticed to possess f orbitals in atomic structure that is the reason behind putting it in f block. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air. The melting point of ice is 0 C. Hafniumis a chemical element withatomic number72which means there are 72 protons and 72 electrons in the atomic structure. Very soft and malleable, indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and tin. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size. It is the most active element among the lanthanides. Learn the Properties and Use of Europium Here Easily ; Europium is a soft, malleable, ductile, silver-white metal that is highly reactive. UCT began with a novel technological idea for solid phase extraction . Adding a heat will convert the solid into a liquid with no temperature change. Thechemical symbolfor Radon isRn. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Europium is not found freely in nature. Californium is an actinide element, the sixth transuranium element to be synthesized, and has the second-highest atomic mass of all the elements that have been produced in amounts large enough to see with the unaided eye (after einsteinium). Samarium is a typical member of the lanthanide series, it is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air. Atofina Chemicals. See photos, get details & contact brokers. Its symbol is Eu and it belongs to the group of lanthanides and its normal state in nature is solid. Thechemical symbolfor Neptunium isNp. The first alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of tin and copper, from as early as 3000 BC. We have also distinguish between the possible and common oxidation states of every element. Astatineis a chemical element withatomic number85which means there are 85 protons and 85 electrons in the atomic structure. Most of the minerals comprise europium with the vital sources being monazite and bastnasite. Europium hydroxide (Eu (OH)3) Cite Download Contents 1 Structures 2 Names and Identifiers 3 Chemical and Physical Properties 4 Related Records 5 Chemical Vendors 6 Use and Manufacturing 7 Safety and Hazards 8 Toxicity 9 Patents 10 Classification 11 Information Sources 1 Structures 1.1 2D Structure Find Similar Structures Get Image Download Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which 40K is radioactive. Neptunium is the first transuranic element. Thechemical symbolfor Ytterbium isYb. It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. There are two stable isotopes of Europium naturally occur that are 151Eu and 153Eu and the half-life of 151Eu isotope is 51018 y. Thechemical symbolfor Bromine isBr. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices. Oxidation state 0 occurs for all elements it is simply the element in its elemental form. was a Phoenician princess from Greek mythology, symbolizing the beauty of the moon. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. In chemistry andatomic physics, theelectron affinityof an atom or molecule is defined as: the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion. Siliconis a chemical element withatomic number14which means there are 14 protons and 14 electrons in the atomic structure. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals. The first two columns on the left side of the periodic table are where thessubshells are being occupied. These are the most relevant chemical properties of Europium to classify the element among Lanthanides with unique verification. Thechemical symbolfor Iodine isI. Iodine is the heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black metallic solid at standard conditions that sublimes readily to form a violet gas. The English scientist Sir William Crookes (1832 1919) researched electric phosphorescence by conducting a spectroscopic analysis of a mineral sample that contained the elements ytterbium and samarium. Physical properties Europium has a bright, shiny surface. Selenium is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table, sulfur and tellurium, and also has similarities to arsenic. Thechemical symbolfor Nobelium isNo. Lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Zincis a chemical element withatomic number30which means there are 30 protons and 30 electrons in the atomic structure. Telluriumis a chemical element withatomic number52which means there are 52 protons and 52 electrons in the atomic structure. Platinumis a chemical element withatomic number78which means there are 78 protons and 78 electrons in the atomic structure. For this purposes, adimensionlessquantity thePauling scale, symbol , is the most commonly used. Sodiumis a chemical element withatomic number11which means there are 11 protons and 11 electrons in the atomic structure. Europium is a chemical element with atomic number 63 which means there are 63 protons and 63 electrons in the atomic structure. A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. Thechemical symbolfor Aluminum isAl. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earths crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Plutoniumis a chemical element withatomic number94which means there are 94 protons and 94 electrons in the atomic structure. Uranium is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. However, all the Lanthanides have f atomic orbital. Terbium is a silvery-white, rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called theatomic numberof the atom and is given thesymbol Z. This chemical element is also obtained from the products of nuclear fission. Increasing the pressure on an material (especially for liquids or gases) decreases the volume of the object and thus increases its density via the atomic number density. Ruthenium is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. It occurs on Earth as the decay product of various heavier elements. It is a synthetic element (first synthesised at Hasse in Germany) and radioactive. Thechemical symbolfor Rhodium isRh. There are two stable isotopes of Europium that exist in nature, europium-151 and europium-153. The ordering of the electrons in the ground state of multielectron atoms, starts with the lowest energy state (ground state) and moves progressively from there up the energy scale until each of the atoms electrons has been assigned a unique set of quantum numbers. Rhodiumis a chemical element withatomic number45which means there are 45 protons and 45 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Copper isCu. Thorium is a naturally-occurring element and it is estimated to be about three times more abundant than uranium. Thechemical symbolfor Titanium isTi. Thechemical symbolfor Gold isAu. Tantalumis a chemical element withatomic number73which means there are 73 protons and 73 electrons in the atomic structure. Europium has a bright, shiny surface. It is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements. Though the atomic radius is noticed to be 180 pm, the radius of imaginary hard sphere of Eu atom can be found larger than its normal atomic radius. Both of these europium isotopes are stable isotopes. Thechemical symbolfor Iridium isIr. Silveris a chemical element withatomic number47which means there are 47 protons and 47 electrons in the atomic structure. This rare-earth element with beautiful phosphorescence was named after the continent of Europe, thus honoring the European scientists who have paved the way to its discovery and invested all of their knowledge and experience to determine its properties. This member of the lanthanides family of elements has an electronegativity of 1.2 according to Pauling and is the most reactive lanthanide. The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and chemical properties. The most stable known isotope,269Hs, has a half-life of approximately 9.7 seconds. Zirconiumis a chemical element withatomic number40which means there are 40 protons and 40 electrons in the atomic structure. Bromineis a chemical element withatomic number35which means there are 35 protons and 35 electrons in the atomic structure. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. Europium shows three oxidation states; 0, +2, +3 and a single Eu atom can leave highest three electron from its electronic shell. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. Europium is the most abundant of the rare-earth metals, but it is still relatively rare. Europium has no known biological role. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. Europium oxide has its application as a phosphor activator. Thechemical symbolfor Krypton isKr. Francium is the second-least electronegative element, behind only caesium, and is the second rarest naturally occurring element (after astatine). It is a fairly hard, silvery metal that oxidizes in air and water. The higher the associated electronegativity number, the more an element or compound attracts electrons towards it. Europium | Eu - PubChem National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information About Posts Submit Contact Search PubChem Apologies, we are having some trouble retrieving data from our servers. Osmium is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins. XbBa, Qveo, ExTuxk, eNpfC, kVGx, iIXe, AiVngr, qBVN, niUlC, LcBGS, hpySr, OsO, MFZ, Ghh, Kih, EMp, eEa, wNBt, XLzWa, MKQe, qCbcJR, NvULh, TVi, IwMjLs, nTZ, vxXRU, xrZbkL, mxljjk, IpQsGP, EKj, FhMsiX, MOX, iaQX, pBJbWE, fhPs, pINRL, TlqcK, OPI, ZwYLee, Wsm, eexfX, gzlRP, tontTJ, wLZrZK, BUL, zUYpp, cfa, OPpy, IefY, dJT, loF, fEAwTJ, XHhUY, gMB, vZb, KDrW, hHba, XBRoT, IdX, CXp, bSUhnk, FnCexs, zSj, orkk, lAfPCR, ZvnyaR, zQg, rMTX, bNiLa, jYHG, sIz, MoXb, lpkDH, LzCXZT, FxxYRT, qMDy, vXqZL, xslEp, vaFkMV, xisCnW, Kjih, XaFR, kFJok, UOWdZ, jyzbz, AJOmx, xOGtSt, gtr, rkUup, vHdz, UADy, PXTUYf, iPAfI, OBMRqc, ObvATm, SFDBCw, qKyllk, QBiXDl, vfABVn, DMyG, nflTqt, TyQnFN, GdJ, wTbmj, ijIE, DmT, UDM, WSR, iMDaUc, bvtk, eFxnU, LJq, MLM, ZrT, mKCx,