C. Chen, X. Cao, L. Zou, G. Hao, Z. Zhou, and G. Zhang, Minimally invasive unilateral versus bilateral technique in performing single-segment pedicle screw fixation and lumbar interbody fusion, Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, vol. Park, J. W. Ha, Y. T. Lee, H. C. Oh, J. H. Yoo, and H. B. Kim, Surgical outcomes of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of spondylolisthesis and degenerative segmental instability, Asian Spine Journal, vol. Due to these drawbacks of ICBG, local bone harvest has become a more popular and viable option and, when available, is a common bone graft of choice in minimally invasive spine fusion procedures. It was also an act of revenge for the previous removal of Evita's body. Several prominent citizensincluding Governor George Clinton; General Baron von Steuben, and John Jayparticipated in the ranks of the militia protecting the doctors at the jail. Vertical alveolar augmentation (increase in the height of a site). The Lancet[9] reported another method. Call the 3M Oral Care Customer Care team for troubleshooting and technical support: 1-800-634-2249. The maxillary sinus can limit the amount of bone height in the back of the upper jaw. More often, osseointegration failure occurs when a patient is either too unhealthy to receive the implant or engages in behavior that contraindicates proper dental hygiene including smoking or drug use. Its demand in the United States is expected to rise due to the rapidly increasing demand for bone grafts and substitutes in Spinal Cord Injuries (SCIs). The lower fusion rate seen with ceramics alone may be due to the lack of osteoinductive agents. Nearby anatomic structures, such as the inferior alveolar nerve, the maxillary sinus and blood vessels, can also be injured when the osteotomy is created or the implant placed. NuVasive Inc. acquired Simplify Medical in February 2021 to strengthen the companys cervical portfolio, thereby expanding its growth avenues during the forecast period. 5, pp. It is the interplay between all three of these properties of orthobiologics that leads to bone formation and regeneration. [4] However, in 1832, Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Anatomy Act of 1832, which gave doctors and medical students the right to dissect donated bodies for education and research purposes. The price for a complete the skeleton in these markets ranges from $700 to $1500 depending on the quality and size. [40] While there are always new implant types, such as short implants, and techniques to allow compromise, a general treatment goal is to have a minimum of 10mm in bone height, and 6mm in width. [14], An implant supported bridge (or fixed denture) is a group of teeth secured to dental implants so the prosthetic cannot be removed by the user. Recession of the gingiva leads to exposure of the metal abutment under a dental crown. [52][53][54] This disease begins as a reversible condition called peri-implant mucositis but can progress to peri-implantitis if left untreated, which can lead to implant failure. The key recent developments of Bone Grafts and Substitutes manufacturers are as follows: Request for Customization @ https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/customization-available/rep-gb-15798. 14, no. M. Alimi et al., Radiographic and clinical outcome of silicate-substituted calcium phosphate (si-cap) ceramic bone graft in spinal fusion procedures, Clinical Spine Surgery, vol. G. Fan, G. Gu, Y. Zhu et al., Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis: in situ versus reduction, World Neurosurgery, vol. This led the students to move to New York to find potential bodies for cadavers, which at this time wasn't the safest option. [35]:1901, In the early stages of implant development (19701990), implant systems used a two-stage approach, believing that it improved the odds of initial implant survival. 2017, Article ID 7236970, 2017. In addition, the patient should ideally be free of pain, paraesthesia, able to chew and taste and be pleased with the esthetics.[59]. To ensure the most secure and best overall experience on our website, we recommend the latest versions of, "Bone Allografts Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Application (Dental, Spine), by End-use (Hospitals & Dental Clinics, Orthopedic & Trauma Centers) by Type (Cancellous, Cortical), and Segment Forecasts, 2022-2030", https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/j543qr, DePuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson Services Inc.), An increasing number of sports & trauma injury cases and orthopedic surgeries performed is expected to boost the industry growth, The demineralized bone matrices type segment dominated the industry in 2021 owing to a high number of spinal fusion and dental surgeries performed, The dental application segment held the largest share of the overall revenue in 2021 and is also expected to register the highest CAGR over the forecast period, To replace missing teeth, bone grafting is done first. 457475, 2016. A total of 109 patients from 2 studies utilized BMAs as bone graft extenders (Table 1) in MIS-TLIF and achieved a fusion rate of 93% (93-94%) [49]. Dentists can only expect 24mm of papilla height over the underlying bone. As remodeling occurs and the new graft is successfully incorporated, the mechanical strength of cancellous bone gradually increases [78, 80]. When you click on these links you will leave the PharmiWeb.com website and will be redirected to another site. compared the efficacies of commercial DBM graft (Grafton) with local autograft versus ICBG in patients who received a single-level posterior lumbar fusion and found that the fusion rates were comparable between the two groups (86% versus 92%) [96]. Furthermore, it also possesses minimal antigenic factors and no risk of disease transmission, eliminating risk of rejection [12]. [13]:201208, The design of implants has to account for a lifetime of real-world use in a person's mouth. If bone width is inadequate it can be regrown using either artificial or cadaveric bone pieces to act as a scaffold for natural bone to grow around. Horner, professor of anatomy at University of Pennsylvania, who wrote back: "Since the opening of our lectures, the town has been so uncommonly healthy, that I have not been able to obtain a fourth part of subjects required for our dissecting rooms. Bielefeld: Transcript 2009, pp. Within the root form type of implant, there are roughly 18 variants, all made of. Two of the most common sites where autologous bone grafts are derived from are the iliac crest or local spinous processes, lamina or facets. 27, no. Request a Sample of this Report @ https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/sample/rep-gb-15798. Success or failure of implants depends on the health of the person receiving the treatment, drugs which affect the chances of osseointegration, and the health of the tissues in the mouth. 25, no. Later, the mob reassembled to attack the jail where some of the medical students were being held for their safety. The Indian government banned the export of human remains in the mid-1980s, but body snatching is still thriving, even if secretly, in many parts of the country as a result of ineffective laws and poverty. The corpses of the victims were stolen by body snatchers before relatives arrived from the United States, causing an international scandal. When these bodies are removed they are given to museums to be put on display. The risks can be related to biomechanical factors, where the geometry of the implants does not support the teeth in the same way the natural teeth did such as when there are cantilevered extensions, fewer implants than roots or teeth that are longer than the implants that support them (a poor crown-to-root ratio). [10] While use of dental implants in the US has increased, other treatments to tooth loss exist (see Missing tooth replacement, Tooth Loss). 21, pp. 2022 All Rights Reserved. WebOrthobiologics Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product (DBM, Allograft, BMP, Viscosupplementation, Synthetic Bone Substitutes), By Application (Spinal Fusion, Reconstructive Surgery), By End Use, And Segment Forecasts, 2018 - 2025 BMPs are thought to possess osteoinductive properties by binding serine-threonine kinase receptors on cell surfaces and activating Smad (Smad1/5) complex proteins, leading to their translocation into the nucleus and inducing expression of genes related to osteoblast phenotypes [101]. 6366, 2010. "Body Snatching & Grave Robbing: Bodies for Science", "Two hundred years ago: origins and early years of the Harvard Medical School", "A Body Snatcher Sponsors Pennsylvania's Anatomy Act", "A "Malicious Design": Burning the Winchester Medical College", "Indian-Grave Robbing at Sault Ste. Planning the position and number of implants is key to the long-term health of the prosthetic since biomechanical forces created during chewing can be significant. Sanara MedTech Inc. The turf was then replaced, and any relatives watching the graves would not notice the small, remote disturbance. C. P. Hofstetter, A. S. Hofer, and A. D. Levi, Exploratory meta-analysis on dose-related efficacy and morbidity of bone morphogenetic protein in spinal arthrodesis surgery, Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, vol. Email us at [emailprotected]. In order for it to survive long-term, it needs to have a thick healthy soft tissue (gingiva) envelope around it. 1, article no. 35, no. [14][16] For teeth to move, a force must be applied to them in the direction of the desired movement. W. B. Rodgers, E. J. Gerber, and J. R. Patterson, Fusion after minimally disruptive anterior lumbar interbody fusion: Analysis of extreme lateral interbody fusion by computed tomography, SAS Journal, vol. An autologous bone graft is defined as bone harvested from one part of the body and transplanted to a different site in the same individual. WebThis website uses cookies to help provide you with the best possible online experience. There does not appear to be any benefit, in terms of success, for cement versus screw-retained prosthetics, although the latter is believed to be easier to maintain (and change when the prosthetic fractures) and the former offers high esthetic performance. T. Albrektsson and C. Johansson, Osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration, European Spine Journal, vol. The links provided in our website are provided solely for your convenience and may assist you in locating other useful information on the Internet. 740746, 2015. 8, no. 28, no. 4, pp. Insufficient primary stability, or high initial implant mobility, can lead to failure. Modern dental implants[7] make use of osseointegration, the biologic process where bone fuses tightly to the surface of specific materials such as titanium and some ceramics. A healing abutment is attached to the implant fixture, and the flap of gingiva is sutured around the healing abutment. A 2009 position paper by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, discussed that the risk of BRONJ from low dose oral therapy (or slow release injectable) as between 0.01 and 0.06 percent for any procedure done on the jaws (implant, extraction, etc.). Many clinical studies have been done on the success of long term usage of these implants. Fresh graves were generally given preference since the earth had not yet settled, thus making digging easier work. 3, pp. 754763, 2017. 11, pp. The integration of implant and bone can support physical loads for decades without failure. Where the prosthetic is removable, a corresponding adapter is placed in the prosthetic so that the two pieces can be secured together. The boy, whose mother had recently died, told his father of the occurrence; the father, a mason, led a group of laborers in an attack on the hospital, known as the Doctors' Riot. 153163, 2013. While this is common practice in Europe, it is not on the United States market or regulated/approved by the U.S. FDA. [60] While there is significant variation in the rate that implants fail to integrate (due to individual risk factors), the approximate values are 1 to 6 percent[26]:68[45]. Facial identifiers and scars would be removed from the body so that they could not be identified. While there are many factors that contribute to the success of achieving spinal arthrodesis, selecting the optimal fusion biologic remains a top priority. We are not an agent for these third parties nor do we endorse or guarantee their products. 1, article no. Once Evita's body arrived in Argentina, Montoneros gave up Aramburu's corpse and abandoned it in a street in Buenos Aires.[60]. In order to meet the demand for transplantations China authorized the use of executed prisoners' organs. The application of allograft bone grafts in demineralized bone matrices procedures have significant potential to emerge as a key market driver during the forecast period for the Bone Grafts and Substitutes market. comments an analyst at Future Market Insights. Crown survival: metal-ceramic: 95.4 percent; all-ceramic: 91.2 percent; cumulative rate of ceramic or acrylic veneer fracture: 4.5 percent, Screw or abutment loosening: 12.7 percent, Progressive vertical bone loss, but still in function (Peri-implantitis): 8.5 percent, Failure after the first year 5 percent at five years, 7 percent at ten years, 10-year incidence of framework fracture: 6 percent (2.6 to 9.3 percent with a confidence interval at 95 percent), 10-year incidence of esthetic deficiency: 6.1 percent (2.4 to 9.7 percent with a confidence interval at 95 percent), prosthetic screw loosening: 5 percent over five years, Loosening of removable denture retention: 33 percent, Dentures needing to be relined or having a retentive clip fracture: 16 to 19 percent, Root form implants; the most common type of implant indicated for all uses. 2012, Article ID 356712, 2012. Where the prosthetic is fixed, the crown, bridge or denture is fixed to the abutment either with lag screws or with dental cement. The cost was "five pistoles." [29][30]:1199, The use of bone building drugs, like bisphosphonates and anti-RANKL drugs require special consideration with implants, because they have been associated with a disorder called Medication-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). 580587.E1, 2016. W. K. Hsu, M. S. Nickoli, J. C. Wang et al., Improving the Clinical Evidence of Bone Graft Substitute Technology in Lumbar Spine Surgery, Global Spine Journal, vol. 117, 2017. H. E. Aryan, C. B. Newman, J. J. These types of places were favored by medical doctors who were in search of bodies to use for their dissections. 20, no. The US commands 37.3% of the market share and is expected to maintain the position intact with an absolute opportunity growth of US$ 1.2 Bn to reach a valuation of US$ 2.4 Bn by 2032. D. Zhang, K. Mao, and X. Qiang, Comparing minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and posterior lumbar interbody fusion for spondylolisthesis, Medicine (United States), vol. [23], Warren attempted to set up a cadaver provision system in Boston, similar to the systems already set up in New York and Philadelphia. This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 09:56. In India, a full skeleton costs around $350 in the open market. (2003). Similarly, grinding of the teeth, lack of bone or low diameter implants increase the biomechanical risk. Truganini und die Legende von den aussterbenden Rassen. [81] This provides the metaphorical practice of body snatching where a body is surrender, or stolen, and used for science such as in medical schools. J. K. Lim and S. M. Kim, Radiographic Results of Minimally Invasive (MIS) Lumbar Interbody Fusion (LIF) Compared with Conventional Lumbar Interbody Fusion, Korean Journal of Spine, vol. A standard 13 mm root form dental implant with pen beside it for size comparison. 3, pp. Laura Wood, Senior Press Manager The group's name was the "Spunkers"; however, speaking or writing the name was prohibited. 21, no. The materials' antigenicity and danger of disease transfer from donor to the recipient are the main issues. It was dated and signed: Boston 01/01/1781 John Warren, Sec'y, Medical Society. The force stimulates cells in the periodontal ligament to cause bone remodeling, removing bone in the direction of travel of the tooth and adding it to the space created. [68] Wilson Popenoe and his wife in 1931, at a site in Honduras dating back to 600 AD, found the lower mandible of a young Mayan woman, with three missing incisors replaced by pieces of sea shells, shaped to resemble teeth. 17, pp. For instance, about 530 million children experience caries of their primary teeth, according to the World Health Organization (2020), which estimates that nearly 3.5 billion people are affected by oral disorders. The implant fixture is turned into the osteotomy. Multiple studies have also reported using HA, -TCP, or calcium phosphate alone as a supplement to an osteoinductive source in anterior/lateral or posterior approach to MIS fusion [13, 51, 59]. [75] In 1965 Brnemark placed his first titanium dental implant into a human volunteer. 145149, 1991. documented a case of rhBMP-2 related neuroforaminal bone growth and cage migration/osteolysis and Siddiqui et al. However, two large-scale retrospective studies with a combined cohort of over 600,000 patients concluded that there is no evidence of increased malignancy with the use of rhBMP-2 [110, 111]. [69] Mrs Hammond's remains were taken by animal rights activists who were campaigning against Darley Oaks Farm, a licensed facility that bred guinea pigs for scientific research. H.-J. A. Ahmadian, K. Bach, B. Bolinger et al., Stand-alone minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion: Multicenter clinical outcomes, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. This is especially important with implants because the blood supply is more precarious in the gingiva surrounding an implant, and is theoretically more susceptible to injury because of a longer attachment to the implant than on a tooth (a longer biologic width). After the death of Heurnius, Joannes van Horne (1621-1670) became the next caretaker for the anatomical theater. A. Lehmen, E. J. Gerber, and J. W.-S. Choi, J.-S. Kim, K.-S. Ryu, J.-W. Hur, and J.-H. Seong, Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion at L5-S1 through a unilateral approach: technical feasibility and outcomes, BioMed Research International, vol. Because they are manufactured through a controlled chemical process, their forms, compositions, porosities, biodegradability, and other characteristics can be modified. from cancer treatment or injuries) can use connections to implants placed in the facial bones. [45] Although the practice has long been abandoned in modern China, some superstitious families in isolated rural areas still pay very high prices for the procurement of female corpses for deceased unmarried male relatives. 183189, 2015. Body Snatching Around The World | History Detectives | PBS. 3033, 2016. packed rhBMP-2 into the anterior disc space [6972]. press@researchandmarkets.com "The Graveyard Robbers," New York Times, May 31, 1878. As a result, three to six months of integrating time (depending on various factors) was allowed before placing the teeth on implants (restoring them). [7] The term "burked" was coined after William Burke, an Irish man, was found guilty of murdering and selling the bodies of at least 16 people. While the site of rhBMP-2 insertion can vary based on surgeon preference and the pathologies, the relative dose of rhBMP-2 also differed. 'spirit marriage') is a practice originating in China in which either one or neither of the partners in the marriage is alive. Long-term failures are due to either loss of bone around the tooth and/or gingiva due to peri-implantitis or a mechanical failure of the implant. 78, no. titanium or a titanium alloy has more than 85% titanium content, it will form a titanium-biocompatible titanium oxide surface layer or veneer that encloses the other metals, preventing them from contacting the bone. [37]:912 The choice of one or two-stages, now centers around how best to reconstruct the soft tissues around lost teeth. Osteolysis, on the other hand, describes the opposite process where there is a pathological destruction of bone tissue. 3, pp. When you click on these links you will leave the PharmiWeb.com website and will be redirected to another site. In Philadelphia's two public burying grounds, anatomists claimed bodies regularly, without consideration. Implant supported bridges attach to implant abutments in the same way as a single tooth implant replacement. It is believed to be the fourth leading cause of disability in the world. 37, no. In the 1850s, Calcutta Medical College processed 900 skeletons a year, but mostly for shipment abroad. There are variations on this, such as when the abutment and implant body are one piece or when a stock (prefabricated) abutment is used. 10, no. The skeletons reach markets in the US, Japan, Europe and the Middle East, mostly for medical institutions. "[13] There was cause for concern: body snatching was perceived to be "a daily occurrence. [34], In Tasmania, the bodies of William Lanne (18351869) and Truganini (18121876), considered at the time to be the last Aboriginal Tasmanians (Palawa), were both exhumed from their graves. "[13], In the antebellum American South, bodies of enslaved workers were routinely used for anatomical study; in one case that has been studied, 80% of the corpses dissected at Transylvania University in the 1830s and 1840s were African American. 12991306, 2006. 19, no. Citations may include links to full text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. 2, pp. Y. Tian and X. Liu, Clinical outcomes of two minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for lumbar degenerative diseases, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, vol. The doctor denied this and made known that he only used bodies of "suicides, executed felons, and now and then one from the Potter's Field". M. Y. Wang and J. Grossman, Endoscopic minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion without general anesthesia: initial clinical experience with 1-year follow-up, Neurosurgical Focus, vol. M. C. Simmonds, J. V. E. Brown, M. K. Heirs et al., Safety and effectiveness of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for spinal fusion: a meta-analysis of individual-participant data, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 27, no. The term 'body snatching' most commonly refers to the removal and sale of corpses primarily for the purpose of dissection or anatomy lectures in medical schools. Similar to the fusion rates reported by Kang et al., a fusion rate of 85% (7797%) was calculated out of 264 patients (Table 1) in the 5 studies that we identified using DBM as an graft extender in MIS posterior interbody fusion procedures. 3, pp. Ghoul Busters: Indianapolis Guards its Dead: Or Does It? J.-S. Jang and S.-H. Lee, Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with ipsilateral pedicle screw and contralateral facet screw fixation., Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, vol. These infections mostly occur in: People 65 and older who take antibiotics and receive medical care In both cases, the prosthesis is said to be fixed because it cannot be removed by the denture wearer.[13]. E90E98, 2017. 2428, 2012. [7] What distinguished body snatching from grave robbing was the practice of returning belongings back into the gravesite before moving on. [30]:8184, The prosthetic phase begins once the implant is well integrated (or has a reasonable assurance that it will integrate) and an abutment is in place to bring it through the mucosa. "[13], During this time, there was an intense growth in New England of medical programs, which led to an increase in the need for anatomy cadavers. 82, no. The act was politically motivated, as a message reading "murderers and traitors cannot rest in sacred ground 19562006" (taken from a song by far-right rock band Krptia) was left nearby. 12, pp. [21] His advertisement in the local paper stated the following: "A Course of lectures will be delivered this Winter upon the several Branches of Physick, for the Improvement of all such as are desirous of obtaining medical Knowledge: Those who propose attending, are requested to make Application as soon as possible, as the Course will commence in a few days. Fracture of an abutment (all-zirconia) requires replacement of the abutment and crown. [8]:26[66][67] Etruscans produced the first pontics using single gold bands as early as 630 BC and perhaps earlier. He, J. Guo, Q.-J. Body snatching became so prevalent in the UK that it was not unusual for relatives and friends of someone who had just died to watch over the body until burial, and then to keep watch over the grave after burial, to stop it being violated. [50] According to journalist Scott Carney, historically members of the Domar caste, who traditionally performed cremations, were pressed into service processing bones;[51] skeletons were exported from India to be used in anatomy classes worldwide. [6] However, dissection of these bodies and theft of items within the graves was illegal. 10911099, 2016. [66] When questioned on the subject, the police refused to acknowledge the authorities failure to stamp out the practice and simply claimed that the police lacked "equipment, manpower and expertise to stop this practice". When rhBMP-2 is used in anterior/lateral interbody fusion techniques alone and with other fusion biologics, fusion rates of 97% (96100%) and 97% (80100%) were calculated, respectively (Table 2). To ensure the most secure and best overall experience on our website we recommend the latest versions of, Internet Explorer is no longer supported. With the aboriginal Tasmanians being wiped out, other native Australians still faced the same threat of body snatching due to continued intrigue from the colonial British presence. The rates of complications vary by implant use and prosthetic type and are listed below: The most common complication being fracture or wear of the tooth structure, especially beyond ten years[3][4] with fixed dental prostheses made of metal-ceramic having significantly higher ten-year survival compared those made of gold-acrylic. [8] Body snatchers had a small time window where they could dig up bodies before they began decomposing, so that the body could be embalmed. 10, no. Furthermore, the growing demand for minimally-invasive procedures will also support market growth. Speak to our Research Expert @ https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/ask-question/rep-gb-15798, Explore Wide-ranging Coverage of FMIs Healthcare Landscape, https://padlet.com/vishaltupkar1796/4trvacpnnhsr2lcp/wish/2395501508, https://www.pearltrees.com/healtchcare25/item484697015, https://alyfo.com/get-business-insights-on-the-pulse-oximeter-market-to-2032/, https://upuge.com/read-blog/525_get-business-insights-on-the-pulse-oximeter-market-to-2032.html. (See London Burkers.) They are working towards finding a balance between expanding their product portfolio and capitalizing on the growing market demand. They are then connected to a fixed brace to help move the teeth. Eventually the Anatomy Act of Quebec was amended to prevent a recurrence, effectively ending medical body snatching in Quebec.[41][42]. Despite changes in laws, a similar process is going strong today. [24] Nevertheless, a systemic study published in 2016 concluded that dental implants installed in the irradiated area of an oral cavity may have a high survival rate, provided that the patient maintains oral hygiene measures and regular follow ups to prevent complications. Not surprisingly, of all the studies included in this review that utilized allografts, there were no reports of allograft-related complications. When mucosa is missing, a free gingival graft of soft tissue can be transplanted to the area. 289298, 2018. In the 1950s research was being conducted at Cambridge University in England on blood flow in living organisms. Of all the MIS-TLIF studies we included, Tsahtsarlis and Wood, Siddiqui et al., and Nandyala et al. On the other hand, implants may have a slightly higher rate of initial failure. An impression of the top of the implant is made with the adjacent teeth and gingiva. There is still a demand for corpses for transplantation surgery in the form of allografts. The Dutch Province of South Holland was home to the Leiden Anatomical Theatre. Rassismus als Leichenschndung [Alienated Bodies. 4, pp. [30], During the early 1800s in Michigan the first Indian graves were robbed. Black triangles caused by bone loss between implants and natural teeth. 24, no. Ed by W. D. Hund. 6, pp. I. H. Kalfas, Principles of bone healing, Neurosurgical Focus, vol. [10], There were many laws passed by Parliament that covered body snatching, or that of similar. J.-H. Lin and Y.-H. Chiang, Unilateral approach for bilateral foramen decompression in minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion, World Neurosurgery, vol. Commercially, they come in various preparations and are either found alone or in compositions with one another to provide different properties of biodegradability, porosity, and utility [98]. Long-term steroid use, osteoporosis and other diseases that affect the bones can increase the risk of early failure of implants. 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