An obvious example is youll never see an EIGRP or PFR IETF YANG model. Although RESTCONF is defined in RFC 8040, there is no standardized specification in the REST API itself, and it is implemented by NSO (and software supporting REST API) by itself. YANG data models for various releases of IOS XE, IOS XR, and NX-OS platforms. really makes a lot of sense. As a result, Clients that do not conform YANGA data modelling language that is used to model configuration and operational features . socket: unix:/usr/local/nginx/csrapi-fcgi.sock; PNSC Enabled, UP host: 172.25.223.233. Imagine the output from show ip If you experience errors, check the code again. Ive also enabled the interface. The Cisco Support website provides extensive online resources, including documentation and tools for troubleshooting and ACL are not allowed to access the NETCONF or RESTCONF subsystems. It has an edit operation ("create", "delete", "insert", "merge", "move", "replace", or "remove") that is applied Configures a IP address and encryption key for a private RADIUS server. uses a REST-based API. Lets take a look inside the ietf-ip.yang: So the container for ipv4 is in a separate file from RESTCONF is a IETF standard and documented on RFC 8040. in the actual files. This module allows the user to configure data on RESTCONF enabled devices. Writing code (presumably Python) adds a layer of complexity in dealing with data formats and logic. In order to go further with this, plain text, yet its easy to demonstrate how complex this can be to read in works), and is enabled by default. restconf {ipv4 | ipv6 }access-list name access-list-name. here is that the augmenting file (ietf-ip.yang) refers back to the augmented Example: . Following configuration changes are supported: Hostname Interface OSPF BGP Currently there is only Cisco Native support. A YANG-Patch is identified by a unique patch-id. For illustration purposes, Im Sets conditions in an IP or IPv6 access list that will deny packets. The YANG Patch operation is invoked by the RESTCONF client by sending a Patch in the API just isnt a clean method. A vulnerability in the authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) function of Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass NETCONF or RESTCONF authentication and do either of the following: Install, manipulate, or delete the configuration of an affected device Cause memory corruption that results in a denial of service (DoS) on an affected device . Additionally: The debugs on the router are near useless. Use these resources to familiarize yourself with the NSO Developer community: Customers Also Viewed These Support Documents, Free NSO training material - Introduction, Itential Automation Platform (Solution Plus Partners), Accedian Skylight (Solution Plus Partners). Enables the RESTCONF interface on your network device. resolving technical issues with Cisco products and technologies. Well come back more on the solution to this shortly.As I mentioned above, the files are laid out in a tree. When a device boots up with the startup configuration, the nginx process will be running. One of the cool things about this is that even the vendor native models are RESTCONF. I couldnt find any information on it. resource identifier (URI) acts as a location identification for a given resource, so that the client RESTCONF method can The following sample GET request uses the logging monitor informational command. how to trigger the appropriate outcome. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/index.html. Think about a BGP neighbor state, or an interface error count things you wouldve perhaps previously monitored with SNMP. Sounds great, right? Description (partial) Symptom: A device configured through RESTCONF is not able to complete the configuration changes because the configuration gets locked, this issue was first identified when a Tunnel interface configuration was applied. When youre searching for a starting point in building RESTCONF, its not necessary to have all the various containers, lists, and leaves displayed just a high level of where to begin is what youre after. Hopefully youre following along NETCONF/RESTCONF + YANG are to take those same tasks and make them more RESTCONF swaps the SSH session that NETCONF uses and instead Enter configuration commands, one per line. You can configure an access control list (ACL) for NETCONF and RESTCONF sessions. If you are managing hundreds of devices, the amount of time it takes to make decision-based changes (If X happens, then do Y) is prohibitively slow via manually SSHing into every device, determining what needs changed, and then making the change. Thats overly simplifying YANG however, which is a very deep topic indeed. Exceptions may be present in the documentation due to language that is hardcoded in the user interfaces of the product software, language used based on RFP documentation, or language that is used by a referenced third-party product. because the first edit failed. screenshots. RESTCONF is a standard mechanisms to allow web applications to configure and manage data. Having to build all your config to understand how to address it As shown in this article you can use the RESTCONF protocol to simplify and manage network configurations and operational features. The uniform You'll also need a local user that's privilege 15: csr1k(config)#username cisco priv 15 secret cisco123 Clients that do not conform to the configured ACL are not . Yang Suite is brand new, as in it launched while I was typing this document. RESTCONF provides a programmatic interface based on standard mechanisms for accessing configuration data, state data, data-model-specific Remote Procedure Call (RPC) operations and events, defined in the YANG model. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. Ill explain more on that different behavior later in the article.Youre also going to need Postman: https://www.postman.com/Why Postman? Where pyang (or similar tool) is absolutely needed is when it comes to the Cisco native YANG data. Clients that do not conform to the configured ACLs are not allowed to access the NETCONF or RESTCONF subsystems. Having a hard time getting the information is needed. Lets start by trying to find BGP. However; DMI proceses are not enabled. The API resource contains the RESTCONF root resource for the RESTCONF DATASTORE and OPERATION resources. The following table provides release information about the feature or features described in this module. A YANG-Patch is an ordered list of edits that are applied The ideas behind Side note its my understanding that the vendor-neutral models are translated into the Cisco native models before processing, but I have no specific way of showing this. Navigating RESTCONF for Cisco Network Engineers, https://www.openconfig.net/projects/models/, https://your-ip-address/restconf/data/Cisco-IOS-XE-native:native, https://10.200.200.100/restconf/data/Cisco-IOS-XE-native:native/banner/exec, https://github.com/CiscoDevNet/yang-explorer, https://your-router-ip/restconf/operations, The cliff notes version of the pyang tool, A quick & dirty way to implement working This article assumes the Specifies that no authentication is required while logging into a system. jeff@linuxlab:~/yang/vendor/cisco/xe/1721$ pyang -f tree Cisco-IOS-XE-native.yang tree-depth=3 > native.out jeff@linuxlab:~/yang/vendor/cisco/xe/1721$ vi native.outSearch for bgp. New here? First, perform a GET on: https://10.200.200.100/restconf/data/ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=GigabitEthernet1 Since Ive preconfigured my GigabitEthernet1 we get back some configuration details: Lets break down what we asked for in the GET: https://10.200.200.100/restconf/data/ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=GigabitEthernet1. The nginx process gets restrated and DMI process are started, when the restconf command is configured. End with CNTL/Z. csr1k(config)#ip http secure-server csr1k(config)#ip http authentication local . A well-written script and an API can do in minutes what a human would take hours to perform, and at the cost of zero man-hours. This section provides a few RESTCONF YANG-Patch examples. Tree-depth limits how deep the tree is displayed. The question I asked myself is How do I index this thing?My natural tendency was to perform a GET at the highest URL level: Thatd be a GET to https://your-ip-address/restconf/data/Cisco-IOS-XE-native:nativeThink of this as the RESTCONF version of show running-config. Lets say on neighbor 5.5.5.5 we also wanted to enable ebgp-multihop. Heres a first major point of understanding: The files are not standalone. The most obvious is that streaming telemetry (example: polling the We bring wordclass wireless in a simple package with Meraki. I have successfully tested this withcsr1000v-universalk9.16.09.08. Building off the idea of SNMP, if MIBs are the index for SNMP, then YANG is the index for NETCONF. This is basically just a logical grouping.List: Contains a sequence of list entries, which is uniquely identified by leafs. This primary drivers for NETCONF is to augment SNMP. Being able to identify the correct URI to extract targeted data has been time-consuming because it's based on URI combinations to get the data needed. Reference RFC 3780: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3780. Next, the real challenge begins in trying to figure out how to craft the body without having internet examples. No one!(. Ill show more on this later. Note, this is not exhaustive, its just the bits needed to get through the common RESTCONF use cases. Find answers to your questions by entering keywords or phrases in the Search bar above. Lets wipe out that Loopback we just created. A YANG-formated RPC invokes RESTCONF provides a programmatic interface based on standard mechanisms for accessing configuration data, state data, data-model-specific The API resource is the top-level resource located at +restconf. While it does far more than Im going to write about here, it takes the code writing complexity out of testing an API. itself outside of why we trimmed the URL. All rights reserved. There are countless trainings for Python elsewhere on the web. Take for example creating users on the router: Thats two elements in a list username. this article is about shifting from CLI to RESTCONF, and only a mid-level the running configuration, the command will be replaced by this request. The purpose of the Catalyst Programmability and Automation White Paper is deep dive into programmability and automation topics with Cisco IOS XE through tangible use cases and examples. read as the Cisco native ones. Youll get this more-specific subset of the body: With ietf-ip.yang augmenting ietf-interfaces.yang, the URL above breaks down visually as follows: Getting hard to visualize? This probably doesnt seem too complicated just yet, but if youre looking closely, there were a lot more IETF files. RESTCONF provides a programmatic interface based on standard mechanisms for accessing configuration data, state data, data-model-specific Remote Procedure Call (RPC) operations and events, defined in the YANG model. The following sample PATCH request uses the logging monitor informational command. This hasnt changed in the last five years. Specifies an IPv6 access list and enters IPv6 access-list configuration mode. This is where YANG gets trickier to decipher. Since we duplicated the tab, we inherited the body from the POST, and we could leave it there, or you can erase it. Thus far weve focused on using GET, lets change the IP address using PUT.In this case, were going to re-use a lot of what we just did (authentication, URL, etc), so duplicating the tab in Postman is the easiest way to create a clone of what we just built. Exceptions may be present in the documentation due to language that is hardcoded in the user interfaces of the product software, language used based on RFP documentation, or language that is used by a referenced third-party product. The paper includes topics from all days of the programmability and automation lifecycle pictured below. The REST API and RESTCONF are similar in name and behavior but they are different northbound APIs. RESTCONF primer RESTCONF is a very close functional equivalent of . Requirements This table lists Use these resources to familiarize yourself with the community: RestConf GET does not show complete interface configuration, Customers Also Viewed These Support Documents. RESTCONF Interesting note: YANG stands for Yet Another Next Generation. An element in a list is usually not a 1:1 match up with a single line of IOS configuration. Much detail on NETCONF. Ive not looked at any other vendor besides Cisco, but the Cisco native models are very extensive, complex, and can basically perform any router task youd like. Models for various releases of IOS-XE, IOS-XR, and NX-OS platforms are available here. GigabitEthernet0/0/2 - https://10.104.50.97/restconf/data/Cisco-IOS-XE-native:native/interface/GigabitEthernet=0%2F0%2F2, fields=name https://10.104.50.97/restconf/data/Cisco-IOS-XE-native:native/interface/GigabitEthernet=0%2F0%2F2?fields=name, depth=1 - https://10.85.116.59/restconf/data/Cisco-IOS-XE-native:native/interface/GigabitEthernet?depth=1, Name and IP - https://10.85.116.59/restconf/data/Cisco-IOS-XE-native:native/interface?fields=GigabitEthernet/ip/address/primary;name, MTU (fields) - https://10.104.50.97/restconf/data/Cisco-IOS-XE-native:native/interface?fields=GigabitEthernet(mtu), MTU - https://10.85.116.59/restconf/data/Cisco-IOS-XE-native:native/interface/GigabitEthernet=3/mtu, Port-Channel - https://10.85.116.59/restconf/data/Cisco-IOS-XE-native:native/interface/Port-channel, Char to Hex conversion chart: http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ascii.html. Debugs are turned on with: csr1k#debug restconf level debug. read-only. For writing code Add the list back in at the end of our URL: https://your-ip-address/restconf/data/ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=Loopback1001. We cant POST to a list (an NETCONF technically has a few more functional benefits than session to TCP port 830. Learn more about how Cisco is using Inclusive Language. You can configure an IPv4 or IPv6 access control list (ACL) for NETCONF and RESTCONF sessions. that implements NETCONF datastores. Unless noted otherwise, 204 No Content For simplicitys sake, lets just demonstrate rebooting the router: In closing, with the increasing use of network automation its important to familiarize yourself with RESTCONF and YANG. Building off this example, Ive grabbed the JSON contents of it and modified one field the IP address from .102 in the fourth octet to .103. These are:Yang-Explorer: https://github.com/CiscoDevNet/yang-explorerYang-Suite: https://github.com/CiscoDevNet/yangsuiteYang Explorer is end-of-support it was flash based. Inspecting the outcome from the data, we can find the next key elements: Futher down the output, we find how to create neighbors: Note the 201 Created. RESTCONF APIs use HTTPs methods. A thorough explanation of YANG. information with RESTCONF overlaps with NETCONF (as RESTCONFs origin researching this article, I read some unbelievably good deep-dives of YANG, but Referencing above, this doesnt include any of the other augmenting files, which are absolutely necessary to do most functions.We need to narrow this down further before we start adding in more files. Inevitably, if you have the time to figure it out, Yang Suite is potentially a better tool for this operation than pyang. As illustrated above, no matter how good an industry standard model is, its not going to cover anything vendor-specific (and many things that arent vendor-specific). Additionally, RESTCONF expands on still be used as well). NETCONF and RESTCONF Service-Level ACLs. The BGP example is a good use case. Access to most tools on the Cisco Support website requires a Cisco.com user ID and password. The following restrictions apply to the RESTCONF protocol: Optional query parameters, such as, filter, start-time, stop-time, replay, and action. Prepping your router is very straightforward. NETCONF typically works over an SSH Lets say our goal is to turn up the BGP process and add a neighbor. In Cisco IOS XE Gibraltar 16.11.1, this feature was implemented on the following platforms: Cisco Catalyst 9800-CL Wireless Controllers, Cisco Catalyst 9800-40 Wireless Controllers, Cisco Catalyst 9800-80 Wireless Controllers, Cisco Network Convergence System 520 Series. Specifes an IPv6 access list and enters IPv6 access list configuration mode. Your email address will not be published. Sets conditions in an IP/IPv6 access list that will permit packets. In both my personal education and in work projects, theres been a slow but steady move into network automation. Ensures that session identification (ID) information that is sent out for a given call will be made identical. Postman allows you to interact with a REST API without writing any code.Assuming you have those things running, lets make RESTCONF do something. Getting the JSON down just takes some practice, but the body looks like this: And the proof can be seen from the CLI or from another GET:csr1k(config)#do sh run | s banner execbanner exec ^C NEW Restconf Banner ^C. is an XML-based interface to configure and monitor network devices. The YANG models used are identical between NETCONF and https://10.200.200.100/restconf/data/ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=GigabitEthernet1 As mentioned /hostname/restconf/data is in every RESTCONF URL on IOS-XE. The IETF files are some of the easiest to interpret via Prerequisites for the RESTCONF Protocol Restrictions for the RESTCONF Protocol Additional References for the RESTCONF Protocol Introducing Aruba Wireless; Crossconnect's newest wireless offering. is more likely what the YANG developers intended, but takes some patience and a For reference, all the Cisco-supported IETF YANG files combined are less than 14,000 lines combined. The POST wouldve looked like this: Now in the user example, one list = one line of IOS config. Access to most tools on the Cisco Support website requires a Cisco.com user ID and password. Cisco Developer and DevNet enable software developers and network engineers to build more secure, better-performing software and IT infrastructure with APIs, SDKs, tools, and resources. Or, imagine trying to If youve tested SNMP writes, youve probably seen the example of why never to leave unguarded write SNMP access on: you can actually write a value to reboot the router. In releases prior to Cisco IOS XE Fuji 16.8.1, an operational data manager (based on polling) was enabled separately. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------, 0.0.0.0/0 172.25.223.137 eth1, 10-30-2021 So I wanna get the interface configuration via REST API. Note, I did try multiple ISRs.For brevity, I couldnt show the entire config here, so Ive just shown another relevant snippet from below: As an example, lets create a banner on the CSR:csr1k#conf tEnter configuration commands, one per line. Specifies a standard IP access list and enters standard access-list configuration mode. This is the easy part. The important bits are after that: ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=GigabitEthernet1. requires a little bit of interpretative work. YANG is a hierarchical language, built in a tree-format, that defines in a readable format the generalized models required to configure a network. method request with a representation using either the media type application/yang-patch+xml or application/yang-patch+json. Once here, uncheck the default Accept header: Create a new Accept header at the bottom specifying application/yang-data+json: Press Send again, and the output should now return in JSON: Ill proceed with using JSON from here on out of personal preference. meant to be both read and write, but the write element never gained wide In Cisco IOS XE Gibraltar 16.12.1, this feature was implemented on Cisco Catalyst 9800-L Wireless Controllers. Alert Tool (accessed from Field Notices), the Cisco Technical Services Newsletter, and Really Simple Syndication (RSS) Feeds. While possible with an SSH session, but with REST, every command is transactional and This looks great at first glance, but if you run the same command in your lab, youll find that the tree index alone for just Cisco-IOS-XE-native.yang is 34,709 ***lines long (just shy of three times the size of all the plaintext data from the IETF files combined!). This white paper is designed to be read either as a . First, since well be using TLS, you need an encryption key: csr1k#crypto key generate rsa, Then youll need to enable the secure HTTP server and setup local authentication:csr1k#conf t, Enter configuration commands, one per line. different network devices. Now we can easily conceptualize the YANG module in a tree: That sure simplifies reading a large YANG file, but it The logical place to start would be to see if its include natively (no pun intended) inside the main module. In Cisco IOS XE Fuji 16.8.1a, this feature was implemented on the following platforms: Cisco 1000 Series Integrated Services Routers, Cisco ASR 900 Series Aggregation Services Routers, Cisco ASR 920 Series Aggregation Services Router, Cisco Catalyst 9500 and 9500-High Performance Series Switches, Cisco Network Convergence System 4200 Series. Introducing tree-path:pyang -f tree Cisco-IOS-XE-native.yang Cisco-IOS-XE-bgp.yang tree-path /native/router/bgp tree-depth=5. deny {host-address | host-name | any} [wildcard]. I think this example speaks for subsequent releases of that software release train also support that feature. technical issues with Cisco products and technologies. The server-name argument specifies the RADIUS server group name. RESTCONF supports YANG-Patch media type as specified by RFC 8072. As a reminder, this is a simplistic file, and the primary Cisco native YANG file dwarfs the IETF one in size. aaa authentication login default group group-name local. That This threw me off for quite a while until, on a When Yet Another format was created, it was called YANG. Clients that do not conform to the configured The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. It doesnt matter. When service-level ACLs are configured, NETCONF-YANG and RESTCONF connection requests are filtered based on the source IP address. develop strategies to understanding creating the body. I am working on testing Restconf on a catalyst 9200 switch. One of the So seriously, pop these files open and take a look. RESTCONFUses structured data (XML or JSON) and YANG to provide a REST-like APIs, enabling you to programmatically access Make sure there are no gaps in your Palo Alto infrastructure with a Best Practice Assessment. Sets the specified group name as the default local AAA authentication during login. All the YANG models are available for download via github. The following sample PUT request uses the logging monitor warnings command. Configures the virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) reference of a AAA RADIUS or TACACS+ server group. to the configured ACLs are not allowed to access the NETCONF or RESTCONF subsystems. Exits line configuration mode and returns to privileged EXEC mode. Scrolling down a bit, well find the interfaces container: Followed immediately by the interface list. going to swap back to the IETF models for now, as theyre not as daunting to The following example shows that the Loopback 1 is inserted after Loopback 0: The following example shows Loopback 1 is moved before Loopback 0: NETCONF and RESTCONF connections must be authenticated using authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA). In Cisco IOS XE Fuji 16.9.2, this feature was implemented on the following platforms: Cisco Catalyst 9200 and 9200L Series Switches. Now that weve confirmed that RESTCONF is running on the router and shown how to change to JSON output, lets do a few more simple interactions to show what were trying to accomplish here.I want to specifically call out that my next examples are on a CSR1K. This chapter describes how to configure the HTTP-based Representational State Transfer Configuration Protocol (RESTCONF). automation. Feature Information for NETCONF and RESTCONF Service-Level ACLs, Information About NETCONF and RESTCONF Service-Level ACLs, Overview of NETCONF and RESTCONF Service-Level ACLs, How to Configure NETCONF and RESTCONF Service-Level ACLs, Configuring an ACL for a NETCONF-YANG Session, Configuring an ACL for a RESTCONF Session, Configuration Examples for NETCONF and RESTCONF Service-Level ACLs, Example: Configuring an ACL for a NETCONF Session, Example: Configuring an ACL for a RESTCONF Session, Additional References for NETCONF and RESTCONF Service-Level ACLs. RADIUS or TACACS+ users defined with privilege level 15 access are allowed access into the system. Ive always been a believer in working smarter, not harder. dynamically configure an extended access-list with CLI commands, with a This document is written from the angle of a network engineer, and as such, the document approaches the topic from the angle of moving from the CLI to a true programmatic interface in an efficient manner. 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