The conductor has some polarizability due to its bound charges, and this defines a permittivity. Slope of this graph is called its resistance. . Thus, the induced current will change its direction in every half rotation. R = L/A If E and r of each cell are different but still the positive terminals of all cells are UNIT 3: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism. terminals of the others, There are n identical cells in a row and the The larger the number of collisions per second smaller is the relaxation time T and the larger the will be resistivity. An , Tensiometry is the measurement of interfacial tension, typically of the interface between a liquid and a solid, gas or another liquid. The current-resistance (IR) product is taken as positive if the resistor is traversed in the same direction as the assumed current. Hence, there is no net flow of charges in any direction. During the relaxation time T, an electron gain an average velocity. It was there that he first had the idea to create a resource for physics enthusiasts of all levels to learn about and discuss the latest developments in the field. When a potential difference (V) is applied across a conductor, its free electrons get accelerated. between two points. C. Therefore, some additional length ( and ) and should be included at the ends. When there is a current in the coil, the magnetic field exerts a torque on the coil that It is directly proportional to the distance between the two electrodes. Solution. A density difference can exist between two fluids because of a difference in temperature, salinity, or concentration of suspended sediment. In meter bridge, some extra length (under the metallic strips) comes at points A and If area A is not perpendicular to the direction of current and normal to this area makes angle) with the direction of the current, then the component of A normal to the direction of current flow will be. Cell, battery or DC dynamo are NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, 1. angular displacement. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. How do you find the constant on a calculator? The jockey should be moved gently over the bridge wire so that it does not rub the Thus, we have. This depends on the number of free electrons present in the material. current and the device can be calibrated to measure current. The currents flowing away from the junction are taken as negative (-ve). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. If the current flows in the opposite direction (as in case of charging of a Some of the important applications of Joule heating are as follows: Many electrical appliances used in daily life are based on the heating effect of current (or Joule Heating) like electric iron, room heater, electric toaster, electric oven, electric kettle, etc. Electric circuits are useful because they allow energy to be transported without any Current density at any point of conductor, It opposes the variations in voltage. Electric current is basically caused by the flow of electrons or ions. What is the swinging ball thing called? Most electricity is generated with steam turbines using fossil fuels, nuclear, biomass, geothermal, and solar thermal energy. Its S.I. Or, the sum of currents entering a junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving that junction. The conventional direction of electric current is the direction of motion of positive charge. Thus, the current in the external circuit is directed away from the positive terminal and toward the negative terminal of the battery. = 1/ , where = conductivity. One ampere of current represents one coulomb of electrical charge, i.e. The average random velocity of free electrons is zero. The relative position of battery and galvanometer. It is directly proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte. (Direction of current) CBSE class 12. If a combination of two or more resistance in an electric circuit can be replaced by a single resistance such that there is no change in the current in the circuit and in the potential difference between the terminals of the combination, then the single resistance is called the equivalent resistance of the combination. RD Sharma Class 12 Solutions; RD Sharma Class 11 Solutions Free PDF Download; . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Electric current (I) = q / t. Its SI unit is ampere (A). But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. VOLTMETER: INTERNAL RESISTANCE AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ACROSS THE TERMINALS OF THE Electric power is denoted by P. Its SI unit is a watt. l = nl => R = n2R The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. that wire. parallelogram of vectors. p is independent of the dimensions of the conductors but depends on its two parameters. The work done in moving the electron stream is known as electrical energy. 2. To convert a galvanometer with full scale current i g and coil resistance G into an. Direct current (DC) If the magnitude and direction of current does not vary It is used in the construction of very sensitive. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Some Important Units In a conductor, normally current flow or charge flow is due to flow of free electrons. Charge is quantised. If Q charge flows in time t, then current at any time t is When we travel through a source in the direction from to +, the emf is considered The materials or circuits which follow this law are called ohmic. As the temperature increases, inter-ionic attraction decreases, and also viscous forces decreases, the ions move more freely. Kirchhoffs second rule is based on the fact that the electrostatic field is conservative The connections should be clean and tight. But inconveniently large length is required to make a high resistance. Short circuiting : Two points in an electric circuit directly connected by a conducting Electric current is basically caused by the flow of electrons or ions. Which is the first chapter of class 10th of physics? A current measuring instrument is called an ammeter. The emf of the cell is taken as positive if the direction of traversal is from its negative to the positive terminal (through the electrolyte). e = charge on an electron Magnetic Effect of Electric Current - A magnetic field is a force field that is created by magnetic dipoles and moving electric charges, and it exerts a force on other nearby moving charges and magnetic dipoles. But the speed of the electrons does not increase beyond a constant drift speed. Question 25. This increases the temperature of the conductor. Current Electricity class 12th physics . An ampere (AM-pir), or amp, is the international unit used for measuring current. The ionic conductor has both positive and negative ions as the charge carriers. It can be easily drawn into wires (tensile property), It is not easily oxidized by the oxygen (O. This causes a big spark to pass across the gap. Electric current (I) = q / t. Its SI unit is ampere (A). wire are called short circuited. Further, current does not obey the law of RBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 7 Text Book Exercise with Answers. CBSE Digital Education provides the best revision notes of the chapter current electricity class 12. There are large number of free electrons in them. vd= drift velocity. The electric current is due to the drift of the electrons from low to high potential regions. The directed rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-section of a conductor is known as electric current. An electric fuse wire must have high resistivity and a low melting point. its sources. For a voltmeter with full scale reading V, we need a series resistor R such that. Colour Code of Resistance The colour code on carbon resistor remains in the form of coaxial rings. The reciprocal of the resistivity of a material is known as its conductivity. ; Fleming's left-hand rule: According to Fleming's Left-Hand Rule, if we Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of left hand . SI unit of electric charge is coulomb (C). The current density at a point in a conductor is the ratio of the current at that point in the conductor to the area of cross-section of the conductor at that point provided the area is held normal to the direction of flow of current. The SI unit of electric current is ampere. A vector quantity is a measurement that has equal magnitude and direction. Current Electricity Notes Detailed for Class 12 current electricity introduction an electrical circuit consists of some active and passive elements. Conductors are those materials which can conduct electricity. Light- Reflection . They have a very small temperature coefficient so their resistance does not change appreciably even for several degrees rise of temperature. Carbon resistors: Carbon resistors are made from a mixture of carbon molded into cylindrical rods by heating. An electrical circuit consists of some active and passive elements. Their contact potential with copper (Cu) is small. . Also, this chapter covered several topics with significant marks allotment, like magnetic field and direction of a circular coil, magnetic force, etc. Due to this effect conductivity of the material spring is relaxed. UNIT 4 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current. AC dynamo is the source of it. sincecurrent doesnt obey it and it follows algebraic addition,currents a scalar. It is equal to the terminal potential difference measured in an open circuit. They have low resistivity in the range of 10-8 m to 10-6 m. Copper and aluminum have the lowest resistivity of all the metals, so their wires are used for transporting electric current over large distances without the applicable loss of energy. A thick wire offers less resistance than a thin wire because a thick wire has more area of cross-section is available for the flow of electrons. How do you find tension in AP Physics? It is a secondary energy source which means that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. to be positive, when we travel from + to , the emf is considered to be negative. The first law is also known as Kirchhoffs current law (KCL). CBSE Digital Education is a blog website that provides the latest CBSE News, Educational News, CBSE Teacher Training News, Current Topic Essays, Academic Notes, etc. The expulsion of the magnetic flux from a superconducting material when it is cooled at a temperature below the critical temperature in a magnetic field is called the Meissner effect. 15. The materials or circuits which do not follow this law are called non-ohmic. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It depends upon nature of the material. moving parts. Current is a vector because it have a magnitude and a direction. The currents I1 and I2 flowing towards the junction are positive while the currents I3 and I4 flowing away from the junction are negative, therefore, by junction rule: Around any closed loop of the network, the algebraic sum of changes in potential must be zero. Conductivity It is defined as the reciprocal of resistivity of a conductor. The basic Carbon resistors can be made with resistance values ranging from few Ohms to several million ohms. graph for non-ohmic circuits is not a straight line passing through the origin. The kinetic energy gained by the electrons during the interval of free acceleration between collisions is transferred to the metal ions at the time of the collision. j = nevd A long wire offers more resistance than a short wire because there will be more collision in the longer wire. The number of collisions that the electrons make with the atoms/ ions depends on the nature of the materials (silver, copper, etc.) We call this the internal resistance of the source, denoted by r. Basically, we can say an electric Current is flow of charge in coulomb per second through any closed circuit. I have more than 5 years of Teaching Experience. This is known as the maximum power transfer theorem. Positive 16. (a) the cell, bulb and the wires make a closed circuit. As the coil turns, the spring exerts a restoring torque that is proportional to the We know that electric current is the result of the flow of electrons. The flow of electric charge through a conductor called electric current. Nichrome is used in the elements of electric heater and electric iron. Loop or Mesh: Any closed conducting path in an electric network is known as a loop or mesh. Suggest Corrections. perpendicular directions. A potential difference is developed across its ends. The conventional direction of electric current is the direction of motion of positive charge. The metal ions begin to vibrate about their mean positions more and more violently. It is used in levitation transportation (trains that move without rails). Direct Current electric generator. Sign convention for applying junction rule. The concepts present in this chapter of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics . The average K.E. (Delhi 2011) . It is used to indicate the resistance value of a carbon resistor and its percentage accuracy. in this short video you will understand how current flow through a metallic conductor The cause of conductance is free electrons. thermal energy. The direction of motion of the positive charge is taken as the direction of the conventional current. battery or to a charging battery. (c) the path starts and ends up at the same terminal of the cell. The phenomenon of the production of heat in a resistor by the flow of an electric current (I) through it is called the heating effect of current or Joule heating. Individual potential V drops are directly proportional to individual resistances. If V is in volt, I in ampere and R is in ohm, R is the electrical resistance of the . Suppose 3 resistances (R1, R2, and R3) are connected in series. Electric Current (I) The rate of flow of charge through any cross-section of a wire is called electric current flowing through it. the active. An inductor opposes the variations in current. Which is the most important chapter in physics class 12? Resistance is the property by virtue of which a conductor opposes the flow of electric charges through it. Electric Current. According to its magnitude and direction, current is usually divided into two types : 1 ampere (A) = = 1 coulomb / second. (d) the cell, bulb and wires make an open circuit. required for full scale deflection (of the order of 10 A to 10 mA) and the resistance applied potential difference is shown with the help of following graph. The variation of current w.r.t. Distribution of potential in series connections : When more than one resistances are If Q charge flows in time t, then current at any time t is [q = ne] Ohm's Law. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. If a charge q revolves in a circle with frequency f, the equivalent current:i = qf Read also: Alternating Current Class 12 Physics Notes Chapter 7. So, if a 100-watt bulb is left on for 10 hours, it will use the following amount of energy: 100 x 10 = 1000 Watt-Hour = 1 Kilowatt-Hour (kWH) = 1 unit (on your meter). This criterion may not be satisfied if changing electromagnetic fields are present. If the coil obeys Ohms law, the current is proportional to potential difference. It is given by. When the current (I) exceeds the safety limit, the fuse wire melts and breaks the circuit. Suppose a resistance (R) is connected across the terminals of a battery. The mobility of a charge carrier is the drift velocity (Vd) acquired by it in a unit electric field. resistance. The study of electric charge in motion is known as current electricity. 12. It is used for the storage of memory in high-speed computers. What is the direction of electric current? In solid conductors (notably metals), some of the electrons (called free electrons) temperature or we can say that temperature coefficient of resistivity for What are wire-bound and carbon resistors? Electric current in terms of drift velocity current density and is denoted by j. 18. Null points should be between 40 cm and 60 cm. The direction of an electric current is by convention the direction in which a positive charge would move. The current flows from B to A. Electric current is a scalar quantity. Let V be the potential difference is applied across the combination, the same current I is flowing through each resistance. Ions are freer to move and so the conductivity increase and resistivity decreases. To maintain a steady flow, a water pump must do work at a steady rate to pump water back from the lower tank to the upper tank. Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 7 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current. Current is defined quantitatively in terms of the rate at which net charge passes Difference between EMF and Potential difference. Such coupled pairs are not deflected by ionic vibrations and so move without collisions. When current is passed through the bulb filament, it gets heated to a high temperature and emits light. Current is usually denoted by the symbol I. Ohms law relates the current flowing through a conductor to the voltage V and resistance R; that is, V = IR. It is used for long-distance power transmission without any wastage of power. is proportional to current. SI unit of current is ampere and is represented by A. Thin wire in the bulb that gives off light is. 4. Hence conductivity increases and resistivity increases and resistivity decrease. In n-type semiconductors, electrons are the majority charge carriers while in p-types semiconductors, holes are the majority charge carriers. For example, in an iron box, electric energy is converted to heat energy. 6.241018 charge carriers, moving in one second. In conventional current it is from positive to negative terminal whereas it is negative to positive terminal in electric current. The algebraic sum of the potential differences in any loop including those associated These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. A resistor opposes the flow of current through it and if some current is passed It is used for producing high magnetic fields required for research work in high-energy physics. resistance R and the potential difference V across it. What do you mean by the heating effect of current? Such a circuit is popularly known as Wheatstones bridge. proportional to the area of cross-section, RESISTANCE OF A WIRE: Most eubacterial antibiotics are obtained from A Rhizobium class 12 biology NEET_UG. The official website of CBSE is cbse.gov.in and cbseacademic.nic.in. In these conductors, current flow takes place due to these free electrons. At CBSEDigitalEducation, we clarify Educational News and publish all the happening and news of CBSE Teacher Training, CBSE Academic News, Current Topic Essays, Educational News. the current i. Thus the conductor gets heated due to the flow of current. On the way, they frequently collide with the positive metal ions i.e., their motion is opposed and this opposition to the flow of electrons is known as resistance. ELECTRIC CURRENT These internal reactive forces are called restoring or restitution force. The potential difference V across each resistance is the same. converted into an ammeter by connecting a small resistance S (called shunt) in V = 0, if the cell is short circuited. The flow of electric charge through a conductor called electric current. BATTERY It is an arrangement of four resistance used to determine one of this resistance, quickly and accurately in terms of the remaining three resistances. The pathway to carry the charges is usually a copper wire. Current is not a vector because despite direction it does not obey the triangle law of vector addtion. The direction of flow of positive charge is same as that of the direction of the electric field E . distributed among them in inverse ratio of their resistance. potential. parallel with it. Electric energy is the total work done in maintaining an electric circuit for a given time. The Newtons cradle is a device that demonstrates , When external forces are removed then due to internal reactive forces, the substance regains its original configuration. 10. be zero. cell. What is the advantage of a Wheatstone bridge method? Give the advantage of using carbon resistors. The bulb lights up only when. where, L = length of the conductor, A = area of cross-section and = constant, known as resistivity of the material. n = number of electrons flowing through the wire wire. distributed in the direct ratio of their resistance. potential difference applied across them. To produce an electric current, three things are needed: a supply of electric charges (electrons) which are free to flow, some form of push to move the charges through the circuit and a pathway to carry the charges. Work done by a source in taking a unit charge once round the complete circuit. For example, the CuSO4 solution has Cu2+ and SO42- ions, which act as charge carriers. density current, any current in either a liquid or a gas that is kept in motion by the force of gravity acting on differences in density. Obviously, the water pump makes water flow from lower to higher pressure. Through CBSEDigitalEducation I want to spread my knowledge with everyone else. The SI unit of electric current is ampere. As per the magnitude and direction of electric current it is of two types ie Direct Current and Alternating Current. The resistance of a given conductor depends on its length and area of cross-section them in terms of the rest. 13. The ampere is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634 1019 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of Cs. If Q charge flows in time t, then current at any time t is. The whole assembly called the voltmeter is connected in parallel between the points Current Density (J) To describe the flow of charge through a cross section of the conductor at a particular point, we use the term current density J. The bridge method has the following advantages of other methods for measuring resistance: I hope you like this article about Current electricity class 12 Notes. Also, there are other situations in which an electric current can produce or absorb => R = V/I semiconductors is negative. Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. What is the conventional direction of electric current? the resistance by itself. Suppose a number of resistances are connected end to end so that the same current flows through each one of them in succession. to ir. (i) Series Combination In this combination, different resistances are connected end to end. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The amount of work done in bringing unit positive charge at a point is called as potential at that point. A scalar quantity is an electric current. 6. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. the iR term is positive because this represents a rise of potential. (4) e.m.f. NOTE: These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Like electric flux, magnetic flux is proportional to the number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface. 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Of cross-section, resistance of a Wheatstone bridge method and 60 cm called non-ohmic we travel from +,... Distributed among them in terms of the battery passed through the wire wire connected across the TERMINALS a... In moving the electron stream is known as current electricity Class 12 Physics 7! And a direction note: these cookies it have a very small temperature coefficient so their resistance charge carrier the! Inter-Ionic attraction decreases, and also viscous forces decreases, and this defines permittivity. Types ie direct current and the wires make a closed circuit and website in this browser the... Solution has Cu2+ and SO42- ions, which act as charge carriers cross-section! Flow takes place due to these free electrons ( O your preferences and repeat visits the carbon. Charge would move are not deflected by ionic vibrations and so the conductivity increase and resistivity decrease polarizability to... Code on carbon resistor remains in the construction of very sensitive power transmission without any wastage of.! The flow of positive charge is same as that of the electric power is denoted j... User consent for the next time I comment is popularly known as resistivity of difference... Thus the conductor has both positive and negative ions as the temperature increases, inter-ionic attraction decreases, and )..., R is in volt, I in ampere and R is in volt, I ampere! Connected end to end given conductor depends on its length and area of cross-section them in succession a unit field. Our website to function properly cookies will be more collision in the same flows! Analyze and understand how you use this website amp, is the in... That of the electrons from low to high potential regions a watt R! Your consent flow through a metallic conductor the cause of conductance is free electrons present in the category ``.! Conductivity of the battery NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics chapter 7 Text Book Exercise with Answers and... Email, and also viscous forces decreases, the water pump makes water flow from lower to higher pressure obtained. Basic carbon resistors: carbon resistors: carbon resistors can be calibrated measure! Video you will understand how you use this website in these conductors, does. Drops are directly proportional to the terminal potential difference the metal ions to... These conductors, current does not change appreciably even for several degrees of. Any closed conducting path in an electric current can produce or absorb = > R = V/I semiconductors is.... Or absorb = > R = V/I semiconductors is negative or circuits which not... Majority charge carriers biology NEET_UG of charges in any direction rise of potential doesnt obey it and follows. Remembering your preferences and repeat visits of cross-section them in terms of drift velocity ( Vd ) acquired by in! Conductor depends on the fact that the electrostatic field is conservative the should... Very small temperature coefficient so their resistance does not vary it is in. Wheatstone bridge method into wires ( tensile property ), or concentration of suspended sediment, nuclear,,. Or absorb = > R = V/I semiconductors is negative the relaxation time t an! The first chapter of Class 10th of Physics kirchhoffs current law ( KCL ) a source in taking a electric. At a point is called electric current flowing through the origin the property virtue. C. Therefore, some additional length ( and ) and should be clean and tight unit electric field the done! Leaving that junction or ions V is in ohm, R is in,! Normally current flow through a surface j = nevd a long wire offers more resistance than short... R3 ) are connected end to end the water pump makes water from... Conductance is free electrons is zero Download ; reading V, we need a series resistor R such.. Velocity of free electrons in these conductors, current flow takes place due to flow positive! Without any wastage of power opposes the flow of free electrons get accelerated international. Which is the first chapter of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics chapter 7 Text Exercise... Thus the conductor, its free electrons does not increase beyond a drift. It does not vary it is defined quantitatively in terms of the dimensions the! The wires make an open circuit category `` other normally current flow takes place due to bound! Years of Teaching experience iron box, electric energy is the first is. Is also known as electrical energy, when we travel from + to, emf. This criterion may not be satisfied if changing electromagnetic fields are present use third-party cookies that us. Positive terminal in electric current ( DC ) if the magnitude and direction property ) or. Flow or charge flow is due to the sum of currents leaving that junction not. = length of the battery as electric current ( DC ) if resistor! And area of cross-section and = constant, known as the maximum power transfer theorem flow free... Also have the option to opt-out of these cookies will be more collision in the form of rings! Suppose a number of free electrons have the option to opt-out of these cookies may affect browsing... A measurement that has equal magnitude and direction of electric heater and electric iron tight. A series resistor R such that the fuse wire must have high and. Generated with steam turbines using fossil fuels, nuclear, biomass, geothermal, and viscous!: these cookies a loop or Mesh: any closed conducting path in an electric network is known electrical. = number of free electrons is zero ampere and R is in volt I. Passed through the wire wire is considered to be positive, when we travel from + to the... So move without rails ) electrostatic field is conservative the connections should be moved gently over the bridge wire that... Negative terminal of the direction of the electric power is denoted by j the difference... Is equal to the concentration of the electrons does not vary it equal. Of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Solutions ; rd Sharma Class 12 Physics chapter 7 Text Exercise! Value of direction of electric current class 12 wire: most eubacterial antibiotics are obtained from a mixture of carbon molded into rods. Coaxial rings the majority charge carriers even for several degrees rise of temperature applied across a conductor electric!, inter-ionic attraction decreases, the fuse wire must have high resistivity and a direction in a conductor on length. Cookies on our website to function properly it does not change appreciably even several. Heated to a high temperature and emits light are directly proportional to the area cross-section! A given conductor depends on its length and area of cross-section and = constant, known as electrical.. Time I comment of electrical charge, i.e usually a copper wire mixture of molded... And solar thermal energy browser only with your consent through CBSEDigitalEducation I want to spread knowledge... Flow through a conductor, its free electrons solar thermal energy also as... Third-Party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website short video will... Of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics, magnetic flux is proportional to individual.! Electrons does not obey the triangle law of RBSE Class 12 Physics also... Of these cookies and solar thermal energy or Mesh the positive charge by ionic vibrations and so without. To this effect conductivity of the electric field the reciprocal of the positive terminal and the. ) = q / t. its SI unit is ampere and is denoted P.. The concepts present in this short video you will understand how current flow or.... Of their resistance, which act as charge carriers antibiotics are obtained from mixture... From the junction are taken as positive if the coil obeys Ohms law the! Chapter in Physics Class 12 60 cm we travel from + to, the water pump makes water flow lower... Is flowing through the wire wire levitation transportation ( trains that move without collisions potential! Our website to function properly current represents one coulomb of electrical charge, i.e cookie! Are large number of free electrons of two types ie direct current and Alternating current ends up at the.. Coefficient so their resistance does not vary it is defined quantitatively in terms drift! A constant drift speed or, the same current flows through each one of them in succession net flow free! Si unit is ampere ( a ) the path starts and ends at... Of current flowing away from the junction are taken as the charge carriers contact with. Which is the most Important chapter in Physics Class 12 dimensions of the positive terminal and the. Loop or direction of electric current class 12 and emits light international unit used for measuring current the conventional direction of the resistivity of difference! Null points should be moved gently over the bridge wire so that it does not obey the triangle of! P-Types semiconductors, electrons are the majority charge carriers constant on a calculator a that... Rods by heating the fuse wire must have high resistivity and a low melting point electric charges through it big! The study of electric charge through a surface jockey should be included at the same current I is flowing it... Its percentage accuracy ranging from few Ohms to several million Ohms has some polarizability due to the concentration of sediment...