[350] A special senior-secondary boarding school program for Uyghurs, the Xinjiang Class, with course work conducted entirely in Chinese was also established in 2000. The Uyghurs[note 2] (/wirz, -rz/ WEE-goorz, -grz),[25] alternatively spelled Uighurs,[26] Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central and East Asia. [334] In 2019, Turkey ranked sixth in the world in terms of the number of international tourist arrivals behind Italy, with 51.2 million foreign tourists visiting the country. [72] It was administered from the imperial capital Ordu-Baliq, one of the biggest ancient cities built in Mongolia. After becoming one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995, and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005. With time the PKK modified its demands into equal rights for ethnic Kurds and provincial autonomy within Turkey. Uyghur politician and historian Muhammad Amin Bughra wrote in his book A History of East Turkestan, stressing the Turkic aspects of his people, that the Turks have a continuous 9000-year-old history, while historian Turghun Almas incorporated discoveries of Tarim mummies to conclude that Uyghurs have over 6400 years of continuous history,[158] and the World Uyghur Congress claimed a 4,000-year history in East Turkestan. The government, regulated by a system of separation of powers as defined by the constitution of Turkey, comprises three branches: The Parliament has 600 voting members, each representing a constituency for a five-year term. Amannisa Khan, sometimes called Amanni Shahan (15261560), is credited with collecting and thereby preserving the Twelve Muqam. Uighurs say much more needs to be done", "U.S. Congress urges Trump administration to get tougher on China's Xinjiang crackdown", "A letter praising 'counter-terrorism' program in Xinjiang from 37 countries", "The "22 vs. 50" Diplomatic Split Between the West and China Over Xinjiang and Human Rights", "Qatar refuses to certify China's human rights record on treatment of Uighur Muslims", "12 Japanese firms will end business deals involving Uyghur forced labor", "The German Data Diver Who Exposed China's Muslim Crackdown", "Sterilizations, IUDs, and Mandatory Birth Control: The CCP's Campaign to Suppress Uyghur Birthrates in Xinjiang", "China forcing birth control on Uighurs to suppress population, report says", "Forced Population Controls Targeting Uyghurs in Xinjiang Likely Amount to Genocide: Report", "Experts reject US allegations of genocide in Xinjiang, China", "Uighur dan Pemboikotan Olimpiade Beijing", "Uighur Exiles Push for Court Case Accusing China of Genocide", "Representatives of China's Uighurs File Evidence to International Criminal Court", "China slaps tit-for-tat sanctions on US officials over Uighur rights", "At UN: 39 Countries Condemn China's Abuses of Uighurs", "Which Countries Support China on Hong Kong's National Security Law? These Uyghurs were given the surname Jian by the Emperor. [175], Turkey has adopted the principle of the separation of powers. [161] Many contemporary Western scholars, however, do not consider the modern Uyghurs to be of direct linear descent from the old Uyghur Khaganate of Mongolia. WebNews on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More The broadcast media have a very high penetration as satellite dishes and cable systems are widely available. From 2004 onward, the government policy has been that classes should be conducted in Chinese as much as possible and in some selected regions, instruction in Chinese began in the first grade. [158], The Yuezhi were driven away by the Xiongnu but founded the Kushan Empire, which exerted some influence in the Tarim Basin, where Kharosthi texts have been found in Loulan, Niya and Khotan. Mosques ran informal schools, known as mektep or maktab, attached to the mosques,[334] The maktab provided most of the education and its curriculum was primarily religious and oral. They demanded the names "Trk" or "Trki" be used instead as the ethnonyms for their people. [228][229][230][231] In Xinjiang, the Chinese government has expanded police surveillance to watch for signs of "religious extremism" that include owning books about Uyghurs, growing a beard, having a prayer rug, or quitting smoking or drinking. [406][407] Another poll conducted by Gezici Aratrma in 2020 interviewed 1,062 people in 12 provinces and found that 28.5% of the Generation Z in Turkey identify as irreligious. The president can't run for re-elections after two terms of five-years, unless parliament prematurely renews the presidential elections during the second term of the President. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has said "Our attitude on the Armenian issue has been clear from the beginning. [329] In 2020 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development offered to support a just transition away from coal. Other ethnic groups include Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Georgians, Laz, Pomaks, and Roma. Elections for the Parliament and presidential elections are held on the same day. The Kingdom of Qocho lasted from the ninth to the fourteenth century and proved to be longer-lasting than any power in the region, before or since. Middle English usage of Turkye is evidenced in an early work by Chaucer called The Book of the Duchess (c.1369). [300], The Anatolian leopard is still found in very small numbers in the northeastern and southeastern regions of Turkey. Furthermore, the constitution specifies the people's rights and obligations, as well as principles for the delegation and exercise of sovereignty that belongs to the people of Turkey.[163]. They also won multiple medals over multiple decades at the Mediterranean Games. [60] The Old History of the Five Dynasties records that in 788 or 809, the Chinese acceded to a Uyghur request and emended their transcription to / (Mandarin: Huh, but [uiut] in Middle Chinese).[61][62]. [61] The etymology therefore cannot be conclusively determined and its referent is also difficult to fix. ", "From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang", "China 'hopping mad' as 22 countries sign UN letter on Uighur Muslims", "22 countries signed an 'unprecedented' letter condemning China's oppression of Muslims. The results showed the Uyghur population of southern Xinjiang exhibited a genetic admixture of Eastern Asian and European populations but with slightly closer relationship with European populations than to Eastern Asian populations. [127] The Lausanne Convention stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey. [213] This led the Soviets to capitalize on the Uyghur and other Turkic people's discontent in the region, culminating in their support of the Ili Rebellion in October 1944. Left-wing parties are more likely to embrace principles of socialism, Kemalism or secularism.[172]. [320][90][321] The Turki language Tadhkirah i Khwajagan was written by M. Sadiq Kashghari. discuss], the survivors seek refugee in Ottoman Empire. [52] Starting from 714 BC, Urartu shared the same fate and dissolved in 590 BC,[53] when it was conquered by the Medes. Turkey does not have a federal system, and the provinces are subordinate to the central government in Ankara. The reforms aimed to transform the old religion-based and multi-communal Ottoman constitutional monarchy into a Turkish nation state that would be governed as a parliamentary republic under a secular constitution. [121][122] As early as 2003, however, some Uyghur groups wrote that their population was being vastly undercounted by Chinese authorities, claiming that their population actually exceeded 20 million. A Uyghur-style breakfast consists of tea with home-baked bread, hardened yogurt, olives, honey, raisins and almonds. [115], "Turkistani" is used as an alternate ethnonym by some Uyghurs. The Ottomans successfully defended the Dardanelles strait during the Gallipoli campaign (19151916) and achieved initial victories against British forces in the first two years of the Mesopotamian campaign, such as the Siege of Kut (19151916); but the Arab Revolt (19161918) turned the tide against the Ottomans in the Middle East. In a common version of the Uyghur polu, carrots and mutton (or chicken) are first fried in oil with onions, then rice and water are added and the whole dish is steamed. The study identifies four major ancestral components that may have arisen from two earlier admixed groups: one West-Eurasian component, associated with European ancestry (2537%), one South Asian ancestry component (1220%), and two East-Eurasian components with Siberian (1517%) and East Asian ancestries (2947%). After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005. Turkish painting, in the Western sense, developed actively starting from the mid 19th century. [525][526] By circulation, the most popular newspapers are Posta, Hrriyet, Szc, Sabah and Habertrk. Ildik Bellr-Hann (2007). [188] Modern Uyghurs see the Muslim Karakhanids as an important part of their history; however, Islamization of the people of the Tarim Basin was a gradual process. [225] Mindful not to take sides, Uyghur "leaders" such as Rebiya Kadeer mainly tried to garner international support for the "rights and interests of the Uyghurs", including the right to demonstrate, although the Chinese government has accused her of orchestrating the deadly July 2009 rmqi riots. These were initially about Ottoman territorial expansion and consolidation in southeastern and eastern Europe; but starting from the Russo-Turkish War (17681774), they became more about the survival of the Ottoman Empire, which had begun to lose its strategic territories on the northern Black Sea coast to the advancing Russians. By 2002, Xinjiang University, originally a bilingual institution, had ceased offering courses in the Uyghur language. Turkey is home to 519 Blue Flag beaches, which makes it in the third place in the world. [303], Modern Uyghurs are primarily Muslim and they are the second-largest predominantly Muslim ethnicity in China after the Hui. [196] In Dzungaria, the Qing established new cities like rmqi and Yining. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.[235]. However, Chinese government agents[clarification needed] designate as "Uyghur" certain peoples with significantly divergent histories and ancestries from the main group. [322][needs update], Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Turkey reached 22.05 billion USD in 2007 and 19.26 billion USD in 2015, but has declined in recent years. [527] A large number of these people chose to confide in the Muslim-majority nations like the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. The Turkish government has refused to acknowledge the events as genocide and states that Armenians were only "relocated" from the eastern war zone. The English name of Turkey (from Medieval Latin Turchia/Turquia[30]) means "land of the Turks". [399], Endangered languages in Turkey include Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Cappadocian Greek, Gagauz, Hrtevin, Homshetsma, Kabard-Cherkes, Ladino (Judesmo), Laz, Mlahso, Pontic Greek, Romani, Suret, Turoyo, Ubykh, and Western Armenian. In line with the aforementioned article of the Turkish Constitution and related laws, the court system in Turkey can be classified under three main categories; which are the Judicial Courts, Administrative Courts, and Military Courts. [29][288] The 1982 census recorded 4,000 Uyghurs in Hunan. [282], Istanbul Pride was held for the first time in 2003. By the end of the 16th century, the Ottoman court housed over 1,400 live-in cooks and passed laws regulating the freshness of food. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. The Uighurs are the people whom old Russian travelers called "Sart" (a name they used for sedentary, Turkish-speaking Central Asians in general), while Western travelers called them Turki, in recognition of their language. [323] Perhaps the most famous and best-loved pieces of modern Uyghur literature are Abdurehim tkr's Iz, Oyghanghan Zimin, Zordun Sabir's Anayurt and Ziya Samedi's novels Mayimkhan and Mystery of the years. [421] mainly as a result of the Armenian genocide, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey and the emigration of Christians that began in the late 19th century and gained pace in the first quarter of the 20th century. [100][101] The Qing dynasty and the Kuomintang generally referred to the sedentary oasis-dwelling Turkic Muslims of Xinjiang as "turban-headed Hui" to differentiate them from other predominantly Muslim ethnicities in China. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among its various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian massacres of Armenians, which claimed up to 300,000 lives.[113]. ", "Turkey, Armenia hold 2nd diplomatic talks aimed at normalization", "Turkey's Middle East Policies: Between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism", "Syria ratchets up tension with Turkey warning it of dangers of rebel support", "Turkey, Egypt recall envoys in wake of violence", "Israel and Turkey end rift over Gaza flotilla killings", "Greece, Egypt, Cyprus urge Turkey to quit gas search off island", "Egypt, Greece, Cyprus pledge to boost energy cooperation", "Policy of Zero Problems with our Neighbors", "How Turkey Went From 'Zero Problems' to Zero Friends", "Erdogan's 'New Turkey' drifts towards isolation", "Syria conflict: Turkey and Russia 'agree ceasefire plan', "Turkey and Russia agree on draft Syria ceasefire, report says", "How Russia and Turkey brokered peace in Syria and sidelined the US", Kurdish fighters join Turkey's Afrin operation, Recep Tayyip Erdogan vows to 'drown' Syrian Kurdish force set up by US, Turkey to U.S.: End support for Syrian Kurd YPG or risk confrontation, "Cyprus: EU 'appeasement' of Turkey in exploration row will go nowhere", "Turkey threatens Greece over disputed Mediterranean territorial claims", "Turkish future fighter comes together ahead of 'victory day' roll-out", "Stunning Images Of Turkey's TF-X Fifth-Gen Combat Aircraft Prototype In Assembly Line Mesmerizes Netizens", "Turkey's Domestic 5th Generation TF-X Fighter Jet Is On The Final Assembly Line", "Seluk Bayraktar'dan Muharip nsansz Uak Sistemi zerine aklamalar", "Ascendant and assertive Turkey creates tough choices for US", "Turkey to deploy MIUS unmanned combat aircraft from LHD Anadolu", "Baykar eyes first flight for MIUS in 2023 - Shephard Media", "Turkey's Future Unmanned Fighter "MIUS" On Final Assembly Line", "Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu", "Bayraktar Kzlelma lk Kez Pistte Grntlendi", "Bayraktar Kzlelma'nn ilk otomatik taksi ve kou testi baaryla tamamland", "Bayraktar Kzlelma: Take-off and low altitude flight tests", "Turkish Armed Forces Defense Organization", United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs Asylum and Migration Division, "EBCO: European Bureau for Conscientious Objection", The International Institute for Strategic Studies, "Contribution of Turkish Armed Forces to Peace Support Operations", "Turkey finalizes military training base in Somalia", "Turkey trains Kurdish peshmerga forces in fight against Islamic State", "Mapping the Turkish Military's Expanding Footprint", "Seeing shared threats, Turkey sets up military base in Qatar", "Turkey to open its largest military base in Somalia", "European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 19592011", "Human rights in Turkey: still a long way to go to meet accession criteria", "Who are Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels? [239] Satellite evidence suggests China destroyed more than two dozen Uyghur Muslim religious sites between 2016 and 2018. [292], The ancient Uyghurs believed in many local deities. [330], Turkey has seen a growth in video gaming industry during the recent years. Some Uyghurs in Saudi Arabia adopted the Arabic nisba of their home city, such as "Al-Kashgari" from Kashgar. [124][125][126][127] Some have even claimed that the real number of Uyghurs is actually 35 million. [453], Turkey has become a hub for foreign students in recent years. [257], In July 2019, 22 countries, including Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany and Japan, raised concerns about large-scale places of detention, as well as widespread surveillance and restrictions, particularly targeting Uyghurs and other minorities in Xinjiang. The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC,[49] although they have remained a minority in the region, namely in Hakkari, rnak and Mardin.[50]. [44] Anatolian Neolithic farmers derived a significant portion of their ancestry from the Anatolian hunter-gatherers. The 1913 coup d'tat effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas, making sultans Mehmed V and Mehmed VI largely symbolic figureheads with no real political power. [197] In the postCold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. WebNew York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city 2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States, and is more than twice as populous as second-place Los Angeles. Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, Ottoman architecture was significantly influenced by Byzantine architecture. The First National Architectural Movement in the early 20th century sought to create a new architecture, which was based on motifs from Seljuk and Ottoman architecture. During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a global power. This is a list of topics that have, either currently or in the past, been characterized as pseudoscience by academics or researchers. Within this unitary framework, Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (il or vilayet) for administrative purposes. [286][287] They are descended from Hala Bashi, a Uyghur leader from Turpan (Kingdom of Qocho), and his Uyghur soldiers sent to Hunan by the Ming Emperor in the 14th century to crush the Miao rebels during the Miao Rebellions in the Ming Dynasty. . [130] With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atatrk" (Father Turk). [459] Despite the universal health care, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP in 2018 was the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP, compared to the OECD average of 9.3%. Turkey has an average population density of 97 people per km. Girde () is also a very popular bagel-like bread with a hard and crispy crust that is soft inside. [287] [319][320][321], Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, and machine industry. [348] Many Uyghurs linked the preservation of their cultural and religious identity with the language of instruction in schools and therefore preferred the Uyghur language school. [79][80] The term "Chantou" (; Ch'an-t'ou, meaning "Rag head" or "Turban Head") was used to refer to the Turkic Muslims of Xinjiang,[81][82] including by Hui (Tungan) people. [87] Paul left Ephesus after an attack from a local silversmith resulted in a pro-Artemis riot involving most of the city. Turkish folk dance is diverse. [486] This influence can be seen particularly in the Venetian Gothic architecture. [357] As of 2018[update] Turkey consumes 1700 terawatt hours (TW/h) of primary energy per year, a little over 20 megawatt hours (MW/h) per person, mostly from imported fossil fuels. Dubai police denied the presence of any foreign government run detention centers within its borders. [390], Before the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011, the estimated number of Arabs in Turkey varied from 1 million to more than 2 million. According to a survey by World Values Survey In 2017 98.0% Identified as Muslims, while 1.2% Identified with no Religion and 0.8 as other. However, negotiations for solving the Cyprus dispute are still ongoing between Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot political leaders.[140]. [325] Fossil fuel subsidies were around 0.2% of GDP for the first two decades of the 21st century,[326][327] and are higher than clean energy subsidies. [77][99] According to Linda Benson, the Soviets and their client Sheng Shicai intended to foster a Uyghur nationality to divide the Muslim population of Xinjiang, whereas the various Turkic Muslim peoples preferred to identify themselves as "Turki", "East Turkestani" or "Muslim". The studios the artists worked in were called nakkahane. In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into medieval Armenia and the eastern regions of Anatolia. The Goal: 'Transformation. Antioch (Antakya) is regarded by tradition as the spot where the Gospels were written, and where the followers of Jesus were called Christians for the first time. [240], Turkey has participated in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since the Korean War, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Yugoslavia and the Horn of Africa. [177][178][179][180] The Turkey 2015 report of the European Commission stated that "the independence of the judiciary and respect of the principle of separation of powers have been undermined and judges and prosecutors have been under strong political pressure. Turkey's migrant crisis in the 2010s and early 2020s resulted in the influx of millions of refugees and immigrants; by 2014, international migrants comprised 2.5% of the country's population. [85][88][89], Rian Thum explored the concepts of identity among the ancestors of the modern Uyghurs in Altishahr (the native Uyghur name for Eastern Turkestan or Southern Xinjiang) before the adoption of the name "Uyghur" in the 1930s, referring to them by the name "Altishahri" in his article Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism. Modern Uyghurs have adopted a number of scripts for their language. [450], Turkey is a member of Socrates programme, Erasmus Programme and Erasmus+ Programmes. [385] Non-Kurdish minorities are believed to make up an estimated 712 percent of the population. The earliest record of a Uyghur tribe appears in accounts from the Northern Wei (4th6th century A.D.), wherein they were named Yuanhe (< MC ZS *n-t) and derived from a confederation named / (lit. [284] Turkey covers an area of 783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles),[285] of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 square miles) is in Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,175 square miles) is in Europe. Galatia was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia inhabited by the Celts. , 6%, 223,1 . WebAle was a native British drink before the arrival of the Roman Empire in the 1st century, but it was with the construction of the Roman road network that the first pubs, called tabernae, began to appear.The word survives in Modern English as "tavern." He turned the Second East Turkistan Republic into the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, and appointed Saifuddin Azizi as the region's first Communist Party governor. [416][417] According to Aksiyon magazine, the number of Twelver Shias (excluding Alevis) is three million (4.2%). [151], In 2013, widespread protests erupted in many Turkish provinces, sparked by a plan to demolish Gezi Park but soon growing into general anti-government dissent. [156], The history of the Uyghur people, as with the ethnic origin of the people, is a matter of contention. [14] The spread of agriculture from the Middle East to Europe was strongly correlated with the migration of early farmers from Anatolia about 9,000 years ago, and was not just a cultural exchange. In the Turkish unitary system, citizens are subject to three levels of government: national, provincial, and local. Ancient Uyghurs also practiced Buddhism after they moved to Qocho, and some believed in Church of the East. The Uyghurs who founded the Uyghur Khaganate dispersed after the fall of the Khaganate, to live among the Karluks and to places such as Jimsar, Turpan and Gansu. [270] These declines in the birth rate stand in contrast to a 4.2% drop across all of China in 2019. [citation needed] Cultivating crops in an arid region has made the Uyghurs excel in irrigation techniques. Far from the coast the climate of Turkey tends to be continental but elsewhere temperate, and has become hotter, and drier in parts. An estimated 80% of Xinjiang's Uyghurs still live in the Tarim Basin. [474], Turkish literature is a mix of cultural influences. Turkey has made significant inroads in aerospace technology into the 21st century. [335] Boys and girls might be taught in separate schools, some of which offered modern secular subjects in the early 20th century. [490] Buildings from this era are the Grand Post Office in Istanbul (19051909), Tayyare Apartments (19191922),[491] Istanbul 4th Vakf Han (19111926),[492] State Art and Sculpture Museum (19271930),[493] Ethnography Museum of Ankara (19251928),[494] the first Ziraat Bank headquarters in Ankara (19251929),[495] the first Trkiye Bankas headquarters in Ankara (19261929),[496] Bebek Mosque,[497] and Kamer Hatun Mosque. Joanne Smith Finley (19 November 2020) "Why Scholars and Activists Increasingly Fear a Uyghur Genocide in Xinjiang", Rong, Xinjiang. Urartu re-emerged in Assyrian inscriptions in the 9th century BC as a powerful northern rival of Assyria. in, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, "The Zen of Disengagement: Diogene of Sinope", "The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder", "Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. [196] The common threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War led to Turkey's membership of NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with the US. [40][42][47][48][49] Various scholars, human rights organizations and governments consider abuses perpetrated against the Uyghurs to amount to crimes against humanity or genocide. [220][221][222], Mao declared the founding of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. The Uyghur language is an agglutinative language and has a subject-object-verb word order. The national dog breeds are the Kangal (Anatolian Shepherd), Malakl and Akba.[304]. [329] Other dances include the Dolan dances, Shadiyane, and Nazirkom. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the 18th through the 13th century BC. The Gendarmerie General Command and the Coast Guard Command are law enforcement agencies with military organization (ranks, structure, etc.) [152] In August 2014, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan won Turkey's first direct presidential election. Turkey has a unitary structure in terms of administration and this aspect is one of the most important factors shaping the Turkish public administration. The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age. [373] Uyghur artisan craftsmen in Yengisar are known for their knife manufacture. They followed closely the context of the book they were included in, more illustrations than standalone works of art. The first narrative film, Sedat Simavi's The Spy, was released in 1917. Other prominent Turkish scientists include physician Hulusi Behet, who discovered Behet's disease; mathematician Cahit Arf, who defined the Arf invariant; and immunologists Uur ahin and zlem Treci, whose German biotechnology company, BioNTech, developed one of the first efficacious vaccines against COVID-19. [citation needed] Large Qing dynasty forces under Chinese General Zuo Zongtang attacked Yettishar in 1876. [513] The women's national basketball team won the silver medal at the EuroBasket Women 2011 and the bronze medal at the EuroBasket Women 2013. [176] In subsequent centuries, the steppe populations of Central Asia appear to have been progressively Turkified by East Asian nomadic Turks, moving out of Mongolia.[181][182]. [13] Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family:[42] and, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. [351] Many schools have also moved toward using mainly Chinese in the 2010s, with teaching in the Uyghur language limited to only a few hours a week. The Civil Code, adopted in 1926, was based on the Swiss Civil Code of 1907 and the Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911. Hundreds of television channels, thousands of local and national radio stations, several dozen newspapers, a productive and profitable national cinema and a rapid growth of broadband Internet use constitute a vibrant media industry in Turkey. [31], The name of Turkey appeared in the Western sources after the crusades. Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom, centered in the historical region of Pontus and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin,[77][78][79][80] which may have been directly related to Darius the Great and the Achaemenid dynasty. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries. [120][121][122] The share of non-Muslims in area within Turkey's current borders declined from 20-22% in 1914, or about 3.3.3.6 million people, to around 3% in 1927. [465][467] Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a "modern" Western state, while maintaining traditional religious and historical values.[465]. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.[287]. The economy was liberalised in the 1980s, leading to stronger economic growth and political stability. [358], Uyghur food shows both Central Asian and Chinese elements. [461], Average life expectancy is 78.6 years (75.9 for males and 81.3 for females), compared with the EU average of 81 years. [305], Turkey is a newly industrialized country, with an upper-middle income economy, which is the twentieth-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and the eleventh-largest by PPP. The Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allied Powers resulted in the abolition of the Sultanate on 1 November 1922, the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne (which superseded the Treaty of Svres) on 24 July 1923 and the proclamation of the Republic on 29 October 1923. The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, who personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. [367] Sir Aurel Stein observed that the "Turki Muhammadan, accustomed to shelter this shaven head under a substantial fur-cap when the temperature is so low as it was just then". The arrival of Islam in Central Asia and the development of Islamic art also influenced Turkic patterns in the medieval period. One early master by the pseudonym of ebek is mentioned posthumously in the earliest Ottoman text on the art known as the Tertib-i Risle-i Ebr, which is dated based on internal evidence to after 1615. This empire, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the territory of present-day Turkey until the Late Middle Ages;[90] although the eastern regions remained firmly in Sasanian hands until the first half of the 7th century. [114] Linguist and ethnographer S. Robert Ramsey argues for inclusion of both the Eastern and Western Yugur and the Salar as sub-groups of the Uyghur based on similar historical roots for the Yugur and on perceived linguistic similarities for the Salar. The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President. Sardis was an ancient city at the location of modern Sart in Western Turkey. [23][24], The term's original meaning is unclear. The Uyghurs have traditionally inhabited a series of oases scattered across the Taklamakan Desert within the Tarim Basin. [326] Russian scholar Pantusov writes that the Uyghurs manufactured their own musical instruments, they had 62 different kinds of musical instruments, and in every Uyghur home there used to be an instrument called a "duttar". 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