The damaged nerve causes a weakened serratus anterior, leading to the scapula not being pulled down and in during circumduction. It inserts onto the coronoid process and tuberosity of the ulna. It inserts onto the radial surface of the 1st proximal phalanx. Learn faster with Brainscape on your web, iPhone, or Android device. For this reason, the anatomy of the upper limb from the aspect of muscles will be reviewed topographically. It is innervated by the median nerve a branch of the lateral and medial cord of the brachial plexus. Deltoid muscle:This muscle is named due to its Greek delta letter shape (triangular) appearance. The blood supply to the bone runs distal to proximal, as the nutrient branch of the radial artery enters at the distal pole, and runs proximally. These characteristics provide high . The flexor pollicis brevis acts to flex the thumb at the 1st MP joint and is innervated by the median nerve. Pectoralis major muscle :This is a superficial, large, fan shaped muscle that makes up the bulk of the pectoral (chest) region. All rights reserved. It acts as a lateral rotator and a weak adductor of the shoulder. [9], The primary role of the hand itself is grasping and manipulation; tasks for which the hand has been adapted to two main grips power grip and precision grip. The joints of the fingers are simple hinge joints. The muscle also forms the medial border of the cubital fossa. Resulting in the inability to straighten the digit. Intrinsic muscles of the hand - chiefly ulnar, but median to the thenar eminence and the radial two lumbricalsPronate WHAT?? The nerve supply is from the long thoracic nerve, which arises from the C5, C6, and C7 nerve roots. The muscle inserts on the medial part of the anterior border of the scapula. The palmar and dorsal interossei adduct and abduct at the MCP joints and are important in pinching. This muscle also prevents the humeral head from moving too far upwards while the deltoidis in action, as do all the rotator cuff muscles. base of the proximal phalanx of the first digit. On the other hand, finger movements without the corresponding wrist movements require the wrist muscles to cancel out the contribution from the extrinsic hand muscles at the wrist. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. There's a lot to learn about the anatomy of the upper limb muscles. 2. However, the anatomist knows that the arm or the brachium is purely the region between the shoulder joint and elbow. The nerve supply arises from the suprascapular nerve (upper and lower), which arises from the unification of the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 and C6(C = cervical). The sternocostal head arises from the sternum and the superior 6-7 costal cartilages. Reading time: 9 minutes. It arises from the nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7 to T1. This muscle is considered an accessory muscle of respiration. Do you want an efficient way to remember the arm muscles? : imagine holding a suitcase or briefcase at your side. Summary of upper limb innervation (dave's notes), Anatomy: Upper limb (based on Dave's notes only so far). The brevis muscle arises from the lateral epicondyle and inserts onto the dorsal base of the 3rd metacarpal. 1. The twenty muscles, and two bones (radius and ulna), of the forearm. It is caused by damage to the extensor tendon complex as it inserts onto the distal phalanx of any of the digits. Pronator teres muscle is the larger of the pronator muscles and has two heads. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the upper limb with this quiz. Its supinating effect are maximal when the elbow is extended. A Role Model. Why not cut your time in half by studying with our upper limb muscle anatomy chart? It causes flexion of the interphalangeal joint (IP joint) of the thumb, as well as flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joint (MP joint). LinkedIn is the world's largest business network, helping professionals like Mitesh Dave discover inside connections to recommended job . Both the anterior and deep compartments can be further divided into superficial and deep layers. This muscle also modulates the movement of the deltoid like the other rotator cuff muscles. As the muscles pass anteriorly to the MP joints and insert they cause flexion of the MP joint and extension of the IP joints. It inserts onto the deltoid tuberosity, which is a roughened elevated patch found on the lateral surface of the humerus. In contrast, virtually all locomotion functionality has been lost in humans while predominant brachiators, such as the gibbons, have very reduced thumbs and inflexible wrists. It also assists in medial (anterior fibers) and lateral rotation (posterior fibers). Don't forget to quiz yourself on the forearm flexors and extensors to consolidate your knowledge! Register now In the human body the muscles of the upper limb can be classified by origin, topography, function, or innervation. However, it prevents the humeral head from slipping downwards. [6], The bones forming the human upper limb are. When it comes to the muscles, they are called the intrinsic muscles of the hand. What do the sympathetic nerves in the upper limb supply? ulnar or radial deviation). The pelvic girdle is, in contrast, firmly fixed to the axial skeleton, which increases stability and load-bearing capabilities. This is where the rotator cuff muscles become inflamed and impinged as they pass through the subacromial space. Little inferior support is available to the joint and dislocation of the shoulder almost exclusively occurs in this direction. Some insectivorous species in this order have paws specialised for specific functions. It acts to flex the elbow. Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster. Flexor pollicis longus muscle:This muscle is found superficially within the deep layer. What is the muscular innervation of the forearm? It is innervated by the radial nerve. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Upper extremity (anterior view) -Irina Mnstermann, Nerves and vessels of the forearm (cadaveric dissection) -Prof. Carlos Surez-Quian. It is innervated by the medial (C8-T1) and lateral (C5-C7) pectoral nerves. All three heads unite and insert onto the olecranon process and fascia of the ulna. While a grouping by innervation reveals embryological and phylogenetic origins, the functional-topographical classification below reflects the similarity in action between muscles (with the exception of the shoulder girdle, where muscles with similar action can vary considerably in their location and orientation. Ulnar side: 1 1/2 -> dorsal branch of the lunar nerve, Radial side: 3 1/2 -> terminal cutaneous branches of the radial nerve. Do you find it difficult to memorize the muscles of the hand? The five muscles acting on the wrist directly flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, and palmaris longus are accompanied by the tendons of the extrinsic hand muscles (i.e. While the posterior compartment contains only one muscle, the triceps brachii. It inserts into the 5th proximal phalanx (pinky finger). [9], How muscles act on the wrist is complex to describe. Commonly referred to as impingement syndrome. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. It is innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves. [13], The skeletons of all mammals are based on a common pentadactyl ("five-fingered") template but optimised for different functions. 2020;20(4):502-13. Copyright It most commonly dislocates anteriorly (95%), and can damage the axillary nerve. Coracobrachialis muscle :The beauty of this muscle is that its name explains its origin, insertion, and action. Ungulates whose habitat does not require fast running on hard terrain, for example the hippopotamus, have maintained four digits. [6], The large muscles acting at this joint perform multiple actions and seemingly simple movements are often the result of composite antagonist and protagonist actions from several muscles. The muscles of the upper limb originate on the bones of the shoulder girdle and arm. It passes anteriorly and around the thoracic cage as if wrapping. The humeroulnar head arises from the medial epicondyle and the radial head arises from the superior anterior surface of the radial shaft. Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle:This muscle arises from the lateral epicondyle and runs distally to insert onto the dorsal surface of the base of the 5th metacarpal and ulnar shaft. [8], Biceps is the major supinator (drive a screw in with the right arm) and pronator teres and pronator quadratus the major pronators (unscrewing) the latter two role the radius around the ulna (hence the name of the first bone) and the former reverses this action assisted by supinator. View the profiles of professionals named "Mitesh Dave" on LinkedIn. Upper limb muscles and movements: Anatomy | Kenhub Anatomy Upper limb muscles and movements Author: Shahab Shahid MBBS Reviewer: Franchesca Druggan BA, MSc Last reviewed: July 22, 2022 Reading time: about 1 hour Biceps brachii muscle Musculus biceps brachii 1/2 The upper limb (upper extremity) is truly a complex part of human anatomy. It runs down the posterior compartment of the forearm and inserts into the middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd to 5th digits. abducts the 5th digit. Test your knowledge on the muscles of the hand with the following quiz. The palmar interossei are unipennate, and the dorsal interossei are bipennate. The thumb is small enough to facilitate brachiation while maintaining some of the dexterity offered by an opposable thumb. The present study investigates how upper limb muscle strength predicts DP performance in cross-country sit-skiing. Contents Introduction Wrist amputations Forearm amputations (transradial) Elbow disarticulation Arm amputations (transhumeral) Shoulder amputations Forequarter amputation Hand amputations. It is the pillar on which all the other soft tissue structures rely. Because biceps is much stronger than its opponents, supination is a stronger action than pronation (hence the direction of screws). It inserts into the lateral surfaces of the middle phalanges of the 2nd to 5th digits. It inserts into the medial aspect of the 5th metacarpal. The lateral surface of the arm is supplied by the upper (axillary) and lower (radial) lateral cutaneous nerves.The posterior area over the triceps skin is supplied by the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm (radial). The muscle acts to supinate the forearm and forms the lateral border of the cubital fossa. The clavicular head arises from the medial two thirds of the inferior surface of the clavicle. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Deltoid, Latissimus dorsi, Supinator, Extensor digitorum, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, Extensor indicis proprius, Extensor digiti minimi, Brachioradialis, Thenar eminence, Hypothenar eminence, Interossei, Lumbricals, Inferior angle and lower part of the lateral border of the scapula, Intertubercular sulcus (medial lip) of the humerus, Adduction and medial rotation of the humerus (arm), Lateral border of the scapula (middle part), Greater tubercle of the humerus (inferior facet), Lateral rotation of the arm, stabilization of the humerus as part of the rotator cuff muscles, Greater tubercle of the humerus (middle facet), Greater tubercle of the humerus (superior facet), Assistance in arm abduction,stabilization of the humerus as part of the rotator cuff muscles, Medial rotation of the arm,stabilization of the humerus as part of the rotator cuff muscles, Transverse process of the atlas and axis, posterior tubercles C3 and C4, Posterior surface of the medial scapular border (from the superior angle to the root of the spine of the scapula), Anterior rami of the nerves C3 and C4, dorsal scapular nerve (branch of the C5), Superior nuchal line, external occipital protruberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae, Lateral third of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula, Spinal accessory nerve; C3 and C4 spinal nerves, Elevation, depression, and retraction of the scapula, Medial half of the clavicle (clavicular head); anterior surface of the sternum, 1st to 6th costal cartilages, aponeurosis of, Adduction and medial rotation of the humerus, Anterior surface of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs and the fascia overlying the intercostal spaces, Medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula, Protraction of the scapula, pulls the coracoid process anteriorly and inferiorly, accessory muscle in respiratory, Lateral third of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula, Abduction and stabilization of the shoulder joint, Spinous processes of T7-L5 and sacrum, iliac crest, X-XII ribs, Distal half of the anterior side of the humerus and intermuscular septa, Flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint, Flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint, supinator of the forearm, accessory flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint, Anterior surface of the ulna (distal quarter), Anterior surface of the radius (distal quarter), Forearm pronationand binding of the radius and ulna, Anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane, Proximal parts of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the ulna and interosseous membrane, Bases of the phalanges of the 4th and 5th digits (medial part), bases of the phalanges of the 2nd and 3rd digits (lateral part), Ulnar nerve (medial part), anterior interosseous nerve (lateral part), Flexion of the distal phalanges at the interphalangeal joints of the 4th and 5th digits (medial part) and of the 2nd and 3rd digits (lateral part), Medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna (humero-ulnar head) and superior half of anterior border (ulnar head), Shafts of middle phalanges of medial four digits, Flexion of middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the middle four digits, Medial epicondyle of the humerus (common flexor tendon), Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis, Medial epicondyle of the humerus (humeral head), coronoid process of the ulna (ulnar head), Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, crest of the ulna, supinator fossa, radial collateral and anular ligaments, Surface of the proximal third of the radial shaft, Posterior surfaces of the middle and distal phalanges (2nd-5th), Posterior interosseus nerve (branch of the radial nerve), Extension of the index, middle, ring and little fingers, Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, posterior border of the ulna, Medial side of the base of the metacarpal V, Posterior side of the distal third of the ulnar shaft; interosseous membrane, Proximal two-thirds of the supra-epicondylar ridge of the humerus, Lateral surface of the distal end of the radius, Forearm flexion, especially during mid-pronation, Flexor retinaculum and tubercle of trapezium and scaphoid bones, Thumb flexion, abduction, and medial rotation resulting in a combined movement called opposition, Abduction of the 5th digit and flexion assistance of the proximal phalanx, Base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit, Flexion of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit, Sides of two adjacent metacarpals (dorsal interossei) and palmar surfaces of the 2nd, 4th, 5th metacarpals (palmar interossei), Bases of the proximal phalanges via the extensor expansions of the 2nd to 4th digits (dorsal interossei) and 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits (palmar interossei), Abduction of the 2nd to 4th digits (dorsal interossei), adduction of the 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits (palmar interossei), assisting the lumbricals in extension, Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, Lateral expansions of the 2nd to 5th digits, Flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the interphalangeal joints of the 2nd to 4th digits. We will also discuss the clinical relevance of the upper limb. In contrast to the lower limb (which is involved in weight-bearing and locomotion), the main role of the upper limb is to control the position of the hand in space - enabling manipulation of objects in the environment. It acts to support the extensor digitorum muscle in extending the index finger and wrist. It acts as an adductor, medial rotator, and flexor of the arm at the shoulder joint. It is innervated by the posterior interosseous branch. Long head originates from the Supraglenoid cavity. But anatomically, all parts of the arm are a must-know. Winged scapula is caused by an injury to the long thoracic nerve. Author: The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle and consists of mainly type 2b fibers. They thus act on the elbow, but, because their origins are located close to the centre of rotation of the elbow, they mainly act distally at the wrist and hand. The elbowis another bridge within the upper limb that attaches the arm and the forearm. Arterial blood comes from the brachial artery, which arborizes on its way down the arm giving many branches for the supply of the structures of the arm.Learn more about the nerves of the upper limb with Kenhub. The humerus anatomy is a must-know before any discussion on the glenohumeral joint, and you can learn everything about it in our learning materials. It may seem strange that it is included in the anatomy of the upper limb. He played in Major League Baseball as a second baseman for the Chicago Cubs from 1961 to 1963 .. "/> The flexor digiti minimi brevis originates from the hamate boneand inserts onto the ulnar aspect of the base of the 5th proximal phalanx. It lays directly superficial to the flexor digitorum superficialis. Study Summary of upper limb innervation (dave's notes) flashcards from Janet Rhodes's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. This is a fracture of the distal third of the radial shaft with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. It is innervated by the anterior interosseous branch. Also, we have prepared a special quiz for you to solidify your knowledge about the upper limb anatomy. The muscles of the upper limb are innervated segmentally proximal to distal so that the proximal muscles are innervated by higher segments (C5C6) and the distal muscles are innervated by lower segments (C8T1). It inserts onto the spine of the scapula, acromion, and lateral third of the clavicle. Copyright Visit their profile to learn more about the creator. The abductor pollicis brevis acts to abduct the thumb and is also innervated by the median nerve. They both arise from the medial epicondyle, with the radialis inserting onto the base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals, and the ulnaris into the pisiform, hook of hamate and base of the 5th metacarpal. To easily remember the rotator cuff muscles, use the mnemonic given below! Read more. This is why while studying the forearm anatomy, you'll often encounter with terms radial, meaning lateral, and ulnar referring to the medial part of the forearm. It also causes contributes to flexion of the proximal IP, MP, and wrist joints, although these are its secondary function. [1] The long head arises from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and passes through the intertubercular sulcus in its own synovial sheath. This is the reason the muscle is well developed in boxers who protract their scapula in the terminal phases of their punches in order to maximize reach. Most importantly, the relatively strong thenar muscles of the thumb and the thumb's flexible first joint allow the special opposition movement that brings the distal thumb pad in direct contact with the distal pads of the other four digits. Opponens pollicis acts to oppose the thumb with the other digits (rotation of the thumb to pulp of the other fingers and not just flex across the palm). Kenhub. The first 10 is performed entirely by the supraspinatus, but beyond that fibres of the much stronger deltoid are in position to take over the work until 90. Levator scapulae muscle:This is a deep small muscle that inserts onto the superior angle and superior medial scapular border. Rhomboid minor muscle:This is a smaller muscle with the same shape as the rhomboid major and lies above it. This necrosis lead to a flattened thenar eminence (thumb mound palmar surface). The muscle can be divided into three sets of fibers: upper, middle, and lower. It is often grouped as one of the muscles of the arm due to its insertion, but its actions involve the shoulder portion only, this why it has been included in the shoulder section here. The forearm is the region between the elbow and thewrist and is composed of an extensor and flexor compartment. How does sympathetic innervation reach the upper limb? If you have an upper limb injury, please contact us on 03 5752 5020 or admin@davidslattery.com to schedule an appointment, we will endeavour to see all patients within 24hrs. Serratus anterior muscle:This muscle is so named due to its anterior digitations that have a serrated or finger-like appearance. Save your time and book an appointment online with Dr. Mitesh Dave on Lybrate.com. Last but not least, is the neurovascular compartment. 'Rule of 3s' and 'Busy BeesCollaBorate well'. The supraclavicular nerves (C4) from the cervical plexus. It arises from the occipital bones, occipital protuberance and nuchal lines, as well as the spinous processes of C7 through T12. Dr. Mitesh Dave is Pulmonologist in Ahmedabad, you can find here information about Dr. Mitesh Dave Pulmonologist clinic, Fees, Reviews, Contact Number, you can also Book an Appointment online with Dr. Mitesh Dave and find Dr. Mitesh Dave information, Appointment timing It is innervated by the radial nerve, a portion of the posterior branch of the brachial plexus. Author: This compartment is posterior in anatomical position. It consists mainly of type 2a fibers and provides power and endurance to elbow extension. Last reviewed: November 24, 2022 It causes extension of the IP joints, the MP joints, and wrist. For example, pectoralis major is the most important arm flexor and latissimus dorsi the most important extensor at the glenohumeral joint, but, acting together, these two muscles cancel each other's action leaving only their combined medial rotation component. Get yourknowledge up to scratch now using our quizzes, diagrams and worksheets. While many mammals can perform other tasks using their forelimbs, their primary use in most terrestrial mammals is one of three main modes of locomotion: unguligrade (hoof walkers), digitigrade (toe walkers), and plantigrade (sole walkers). One of them is certainly our ability to high five each other when we ace our anatomy exam. These muscles are attached to either the lateral or medial epicondyle of the humerus. Manifestations are limited movement of the shoulder and severe pain. 2022 This can present as pain, weakness and loss of shoulder movement between 60 and 120 degrees of abduction. Biceps brachii muscle:This superficial muscle forms the bulk of the anterior compartment of the arm. In a power grip an object is held against the palm and in a precision grip an object is held with the fingers, both grips are performed by intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles together. 111 The Axilla, 112 Nerve Supply To The Upper Limb, 113 Vasculature Of The Upper Limb, And more. [8], The wrist (Latin: carpus),[4] composed of the carpal bones, articulates at the wrist joint (or radiocarpal joint) proximally and the carpometacarpal joint distally. It is innervated by the C3 & C4 and the accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11 = CN11). Reading time: about 1 hour. Without this complex movement, humans would not be able to perform a precision grip. What is the cutaneous innervation of the palm? What is the cutaneous innervation to the arm? The shoulderis where the upper limb attaches to the trunk. They are shaped and attached in such a way that allows the unique forearm movement of pronation and supination. In that manner of speaking, this article will explain all the anatomical aspects of the muscles of the scapula, arm, forearm and hand. The muscle is innervated by the posterior interosseous branch. The small movements of the eight carpal bones during composite movements at the wrist are complex to describe, but flexion mainly occurs in the midcarpal joint whilst extension mainly occurs in the radiocarpal joint; the latter joint also providing most of adduction and abduction at the wrist. These are innervated by the ulnar nerve. It is innervated by the median nerve, which passes between its two heads to enter the forearm. The creator of this deck did not yet add a description for what is included in this deck. Supinator muscle:It is a small muscle that arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the supinator crest of the ulna, as well as the annular and radial collateral ligaments that support the radius against the ulna. The shoulder moves at the glenohumeral joint. Pronator quadratus muscle:In the deepest layer of the forearm is the pronator quadratus, which is found connecting the radius (insertion) and ulna (origin) at their distal points like a strap. Flexor carpi muscles: In the superficial layer of the forearm is where we find flexor carpi radialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris. Find out everything about shoulder anatomy through our fun and engaging educational content. We use an adaptive study algorithm that is proven to help you learn faster and remember longer. Grounded on academic literature and research, validated by experts, and trusted by more than 2 million users. View Fee, Timing, Contact Number, Photos, Address and Maps of Star Hospital visited by Dr. Mitesh Dave. [2] However, in casual usage, the terms are often used interchangeably. QUICK REVISION OF UPPER LIMB DISSECTION FOR ANATOMY VIVA / PRACTICAL PART-1 - BY DR MITESH DAVE - YouTube THE VIDEO DEMONSTRATES THE VARIOUS STRUCTURES IN THE UPPER LIMB DISSECTION. [5], The glenohumeral joint (colloquially called the shoulder joint) is the highly mobile ball and socket joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. It arises from the transverse processes of the superior four cervical vertebrae (C1-C4). The bones within the carpus are small, irregularly shaped, and have such curious names that you may like to choose one for your instagram account: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate bones. Pectoralis minor muscle:This muscle lies deep to the pectoralis major and arises from 3rd-5th costals sternal ends and its associated fascia (connective tissue surrounding a muscle group). We will study these muscles in depth. Study Janet Rhodes's Anatomy: Upper limb (based on Dave's notes only so far) flashcards now! Finally the digits are supported with three consecutively attached bones called the proximal, middle and distal phalanges, all specifically named by adding I-V at the end. This is a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with associated dislocation of the proximal radioulnar joint. Dr. Mitesh Dave is a Pulmonologist in Bapunagar, Ahmedabad. It has three heads: long, lateral, and medial. Upper limb prosthetic technology is dominated by electric actuators due to the availability of compact actuation units and the feasibility of extensive control approaches. The actions and innervation are the same as the rhomboid major. The scapula has no direct bony attachments to the thorax, so it is held in place and stabilized through muscular attachment. Read more. It passes laterally to insert onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus. He studied and completed DNB Respiratory Medicine, MBBS . Triceps brachii muscle:This is the only muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm. Similarly, abduction (moving the arm away from the body) is performed by different muscles at different stages. ulnar, nutrient and muscular branches of the brachial artery. Upper limb muscles and movements: want to learn more about it? Due to this abducting movement, the supraspinatus is commonly referred to as the suitcase muscle; i.e. This class was created by Brainscape user Janet Rhodes. Muscles of the pectoral girdle PART ONE (dave's notes), Axilla - summary and muscles (dave's notes), Axilla - spaces and contents (dave's notes), The brachial plexus one of two (dave's notes), Lymph nodes in the axilla (dave's notes), Muscles of the shoulder region (dave's notes), The anterior compartment of the arm - muscles (dave's notes), The anterior compartment of the arm - vessels (dave's notes), The anterior compartment of the arm - nerves (dave's notes), The posterior compartment of the arm - muscles and vessels (dave's notes), The posterior compartment of the arm - nerves (dave's notes), The anterior compartment of the forearm - superficial muscles (dave's notes), The anterior compartment of the forearm - deep muscles (dave's notes), The anterior compartment of the forearm - neuromuscular pattern and vessels (dave's notes), The anterior compartment of the forearm - lymph and nerves (dave's notes), The posterior compartment of the forearm - muscles (dave's notes), The anterior compartment of the forearm - radioulnar joints (dave's notes), The posterior compartment of the forearm - Common extensor origin, anatomical snuffbox, vessels and nerves (dave's notes), The posterior compartment of the forearm - extensor retinaculum (dave's notes), The dorsum of the hand and wrist joint (dave's notes), Palm of the hand, carpal tunnel (dave's notes), Thenar eminence, hypothenar eminence, superficial palmar arch (dave's notes), Digital nerves, carpal tunnel syndrome, long flexor tendons (dave's notes), Adductor pollicis, radial artery in the hand, ulnar nerve in the hand (dave's notes), Interossei muscles, fibrous flexor sheath, synovial flexor sheath, digital attachments of the long tendons (dave's notes), The extensor tendons and expansions, long tendons of the thumb, actions of IO and lumbricals, Joints of the carpus (dave's notes), Summary of upper limb innervation (dave's notes), Summary of upper limb nerve injuries (dave's notes), Osteology of the upper limb - clavicle, scapula and humerus (dave's notes), Osteology of the upper limb - radius, ulna and carpus (dave's notes), Muscles of the pectoral girdle PART 2 (dave's notes), The brachial plexus 2 of 2 (dave's notes), Anatomy: Upper limb (based on Dave's notes only so far). Deep they supply local areas of artery is. Its action is elevation of the scapula as well as superior rotation of the scapula. The upper limbs or upper extremities are the forelimbs of an upright-postured tetrapod vertebrate, extending from the scapulae and clavicles down to and including the digits, including all the musculatures and ligaments involved with the shoulder, elbow, wrist and knuckle joints. Pectoral Girdle Summary, Joints (Dave's Notes), Muscles Of The Pectoral Girdle Part One (Dave's Notes), Axilla Summary And Muscles (Dave's Notes), Axilla Spaces And Contents (Dave's Notes), The Brachial Plexus One Of Two (Dave's Notes), Lymph Nodes In The Axilla (Dave's Notes), Muscles Of The Shoulder Region (Dave's Notes), The Anterior Compartment Of The Arm Muscles (Dave's Notes), The Anterior Compartment Of The Arm Vessels (Dave's Notes), The Anterior Compartment Of The Arm Nerves (Dave's Notes), The Posterior Compartment Of The Arm Muscles And Vessels (Dave's Notes), The Posterior Compartment Of The Arm Nerves (Dave's Notes), The Anterior Compartment Of The Forearm Superficial Muscles (Dave's Notes), The Anterior Compartment Of The Forearm Deep Muscles (Dave's Notes), The Anterior Compartment Of The Forearm Neuromuscular Pattern And Vessels (Dave's Notes), The Anterior Compartment Of The Forearm Lymph And Nerves (Dave's Notes), The Posterior Compartment Of The Forearm Muscles (Dave's Notes), The Anterior Compartment Of The Forearm Radioulnar Joints (Dave's Notes), The Posterior Compartment Of The Forearm Common Extensor Origin, Anatomical Snuffbox, Vessels And Nerves (Dave's Notes), The Posterior Compartment Of The Forearm Extensor Retinaculum (Dave's Notes), The Dorsum Of The Hand And Wrist Joint (Dave's Notes), Palm Of The Hand, Carpal Tunnel (Dave's Notes), Thenar Eminence, Hypothenar Eminence, Superficial Palmar Arch (Dave's Notes), Digital Nerves, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Long Flexor Tendons (Dave's Notes), Adductor Pollicis, Radial Artery In The Hand, Ulnar Nerve In The Hand (Dave's Notes), Interossei Muscles, Fibrous Flexor Sheath, Synovial Flexor Sheath, Digital Attachments Of The Long Tendons (Dave's Notes), The Extensor Tendons And Expansions, Long Tendons Of The Thumb, Actions Of Io And Lumbricals, Joints Of The Carpus (Dave's Notes), Summary Of Upper Limb Innervation (Dave's Notes), Summary Of Upper Limb Nerve Injuries (Dave's Notes), Osteology Of The Upper Limb Clavicle, Scapula And Humerus (Dave's Notes), Osteology Of The Upper Limb Radius, Ulna And Carpus (Dave's Notes), Muscles Of The Pectoral Girdle Part 2 (Dave's Notes), The Brachial Plexus 2 Of 2 (Dave's Notes). [5], The mobility of the shoulder girdle is supported by a large number of muscles. While this muscle prevents dislocation in the joint, strong forces tend to break the clavicle instead. Its supinating effect are maximal when the elbow is flexed. Brainscape is a digital flashcards platform where you can find, create, share, and study any subject on the planet. Like the trapezius, this muscle can be divided into three sets of fibers: anterior, lateral, and posterior. It is also innervated by the median nerve. The carpus contains 8 bones, the metacarpus are comprised of 5, and the digits have 14 bones. There are numerous muscles in this compartment. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. It consists mainly of type 1 muscle fibers and hence provides sustained elbow extension. climbing, swatting, and grooming). After any major injury it is essential that you are reviewed by an appropriate medical professional to evaluate your condition. He is currently practising at Star Hospital in Bapunagar, Ahmedabad. [14], In ungulates the forelimbs are optimised to maximize speed and stamina to the extent that the limbs serve almost no other purpose. Take advantage of the following mnemonic to make your life a little easier! abductor pollicis brevis. The hand is truly the epitome of anatomical complexity. There are numerous muscles in this compartment as well. It inserts onto the crest of greater tubercle of the humerus. They arise from the metacarpal bones and insert into the extensor hoods of each finger. Every single structure of the arm is innervated by the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that originate from the C5-T1 spinal nerves. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle:This muscle is located in the intermediate layer and has two heads. By looking at all of the upper limbs components separately we can appreciate and compartmentalize the information, then later view the upper limb as a whole and understand how all of its parts work in unison. An easy way to distinguish between the actions of the interossei is to use the following mnemonic. It has numerous muscles and has a complex range of movements. The nerve supply to this muscle arises from the axillary nerve, a branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. [3], The shoulder girdle[4] or pectoral girdle,[5] composed of the clavicle and the scapula, connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton through the sternoclavicular joint (the only joint in the upper limb that directly articulates with the trunk), a ball and socket joint supported by the subclavius muscle which acts as a dynamic ligament. We are privileged to announce Mr. Sanjay Behl, CEO and MD, Greaves Electric Mobility, as our juror at #BWRetailWorld 40u40. Isokinetic muscle strength of the shoulder and elbow extensor . The radial two lumbricals are innervated by the median nerve and the ulnar two are innervated by the ulnar nerve. The muscles of the forearm are grouped into anterior and posterior compartments, with the anterior compartment containing mostly flexors, and the posterior, extensors. [11] When the whole muscle acts as a unit it acts as a medial rotator and adductor the arm at the shoulder. There are relatively few muscles which its movements and function are easy to learn. Ever wondered what the differences are between us humans and animals regarding the upper limb? Of the joints between the carpus and metacarpus, the carpometacarpal joints, only the saddle-shaped joint of the thumb offers a high degree of mobility while the opposite is true for the metacarpophalangeal joints. Biceps is, however, the major supinator and while performing this action it ceases to be an effective flexor at the elbow. In contrast to the skeleton of human limbs, the proximal bones of ungulates are short and the distal bones long to provide length of stride; proximally, large and short muscles provide rapidity of step. It can be observed when a patient circumducts (circle movement) the affected upper limb. Generally, the forelimbs are optimised for speed and stamina, but in some mammals some of the locomotion optimisation have been sacrificed for other functions, such as digging and grasping. The intrinsic muscles of the hand are the: palmaris brevis, interossei (palmarand dorsal), adductor pollicis, thenar, hypothenarand lumbrical muscles. Posteriorly: Posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm (radial)Medial: Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (Med cord BP)Lateral: Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm (Mscn). Dimitrios Mytilinaios MD, PhD The medial head arises from the posterior surface of the humerus below the radial groove. 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